CLONING

• ADVANTAGE OF CLONING TO PLANTS:

  • Know CHARACTERISTICS exactly (genetically IDENTICAL) e.g. flower colour
• CUTTINGS:

  • Add HORMONE-ROOTING powder to the end of the PLANT (gets ROOTS)
  • Genetically IDENTICAL clone
  • FEW clones produced
• TISSUE CULTURE:

  • Done when you want MULTIPLE clones
  • Take the PLANT
  • DIVIDE into small PIECES (contains a SMALL number of CELLS)
  • Small GROUPS of cells are INCUBATED with plant HORMONES -> plant GROWS -> develop into CLONES
  • Must be STERILE to prevent the INTRODUCTION of any microorganisms e.g. BACTERIA, fungi
• TISSUE CULTURE- USES:

  • Commercial PLANT NURSERIES
  • Produce clones CHEAPLY + QUICKLY
  • CLONES- get characteristics WANTED
  • Preserve RARE plant SPECIES
• EMBRYO TRANSPLANTS:

  • SPERM and EGG cell are FERTILISED
  • CELL develops into an EARLY-STAGE embryo (UNSPECIALISED)
  • This embryo is SPLIT into 2 using GLASS rod
  • Embryo is transferred to the HOST mother
  • Embryo GROWS and DEVELOPS
  • 2 IDENTICAL offspring (clones)
  • SPERM + EGG -> cannot be CERTAIN that we get wanted CHARACTERISTICS
• ADULT CELL CLONING:

  • CELL removed from ANIMAL we want to clone
  • NUCLEUS taken out from the CELL
  • Take an UNFERTILISED egg cell of the same SPECIES -> remove NUCLEUS and DISCARD
  • Cell- ELECTRIC shock so DIVISION into an EMBRYO (same GENETIC material as ANIMAL we STARTED with)
  • Insert into WOMB of host MOTHER
  • Host MOTHER- gives birth to the CLONE (do not look SIMILAR)