Chapter 22

• When did the SDI begin?

  March 1983
• How much did SDI cost?

  $26 billion
• Why did SDI face opposition?

  -too costly

  -dangerous escalation of nuclear tensions
• When was the Geneva Summit (of the 1980s)?


  November 1985
• When was the Reyjavik Summit?

  October 1986
• When was the Washington Summit?

  December 1987
• When was the Moscow Summit (of the 1980s)?


  May-June 1988
• How did Gorbachev think differently about Soviet nuclear weapons than his predecessors?

  Understood that they did not guarantee security for the USSR and felt political and economic processes would better provide this
• Why was Reagan keen on discussions with the USSR over nuclear weapons?

  He was afraid of nuclear warfare and wanted discussions if they could result in any form of arms limitations
• What did INF stand for?

  Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces
• How many journalists covered the Geneva Summit?

  3000
• What was the general agreement prior to the Geneva Summit?

  That the USSR and USA would work towards a goal of cutting offensive nuclear weapons by 50%
• What were many sceptical about prior to the Geneva Summit?

  That Reagan and Gorbachev could find common ground
• 4 Key discussions points of the Geneva summit

  -reducing offensive nuclear weapons by 50%

  -limiting and eventually eliminating medium-range nuclear missiles

  -ending nuclear proliferation to other countries

  -banning chemical weapons
• Outcomes of the Geneva Summit


  -no concrete outcomes but a joint statement was induced that a 'nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought'

  -the summit was largely considered to be a success in terms of improving relations between the leaders
• Contentious issues of the Geneva summit

  -SDI altered the balance of MAD and complicated bilateral agreements on arms limitations
• What had Gorbachev removed as a factor in international relations by 1985?

  The ideological split between East and West
• What did Reagan say about relations with the USSR around the time of Geneva?

  That he wanted a fresh start on US-Soviet relations, and wanted better mutual understanding
• 4 Key intended discussion points of the Reykjavik summit

  -limiting continental weapons to1600delivery vehicles and6000warheads on each side-reducing intermediate-range nuclear forces to100warheads-restricting soviet missiles bases to Asia and US missile bases to the USA-Eliminating all nuclear missiles within 10 years
• Why would Gorbachev not discuss arms reductions at Reykjavik?

  He refused to do so until Reagan abandoned his plans for SDI
• Outcomes of Reykjavik summit


  -few concrete outcomes, but each side gained valuable levels insight into each other's concerns and aims
• Contentious issues of the Reykjavik summit

  -Reagan suggested eliminating all nuclear weapons, but Gorbachev would not discuss this unless Reagan agreed to abandon plans for SDI

  -previous 'evil empire' speech soured relations
• How did Gorbachev change his approach to summit diplomacy after Reykjavik?

  He detached disarmament from any demands about the SDI
• What other 2 things except arms reduction were discussed at Reykjavik?

  Human rights and humanitarian issues
• How did Reagan react to Gorbachev trying to convince him to abandon plans for the SDI at Reykjavik?

  He was angry, saying that Gorbachev had 'brought me to Iceland with one purpose- to kill the Strategic Defence Initiative
• Why was there no agreement on human rights or humanitarian issues at Reykjavik?

  Both sides had agreed just to exchange ideas on these issues
• Key discussion points for the Washington Summit

  -INF treaty
• 3 Outcomes of the Washington Summit

  -INF signed

  -Gorbachev agreed wot withdraw from Afghanistan

  -viewed as a success and seemed to confirm that the Cold War was ending
• What did the INF treaty do?

  Ended the use of all intermediate-range ballistic and cruise missiles and agreed that these would all be destroyed by June 1991
• How many weapons had the USA destroyed by the 1991 deadline of the INF treaty?

  846
• How many weapons had the USSR destroyed by the 1991 deadline of the INF treaty?

  1846
• What 3 demands did the USSR significantly not make as part of the INF treaty?

  1. That the USA withdraw from the SDI

  2. That the USSR be allowed to retain 100 SS-20 missiles as a defence against China

  3. That British and French weapons be part of the deal
• What important precedent did the INF treaty set?

  First time an entire class of nuclear weapons had been agreed to be removed, and each state had right to verify removal on each other's territory
• When did Gorbachev announce the withdrawal of the USSR from Afghanistan?

  February 1988
• When did the last Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan?


  May 1989
• 2 Key discussion points at the 1988 Moscow Summit

  -Officially intended to focus on the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START)

  -instead changed to cultural exchanges and human rights
• Outcomes of the 1988 Moscow Summit

  -7 cultural and human rights agreements were signed

  -Reagan's interactions with ordinary soviet citizens increased Gorbachev's popularity in the USSR
• Contentious issues of the 1988 Moscow Summit

  -SDI

  -Difficult negotiations about inspections and verification of weapons being put to of use
• When was START initially proposed?

  At Geneva in November 1985
• What was START intended to do (at the 1988 Moscow Summit)?

  Limit the number of nuclear weapons to 5000 a side