Detailed

• Photosynthesis

  The process which involves the light dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle to produce glucose and oxygen, which are used for respiratory functions in a plant
• Respiration

  The process in which energy is released in order for an organism to survive and behave in a way which will aid its survival
• Calvin Cycle

  The process in which carbon dioxide is fixed on to RuBP to contribute to the formation of glucose. This occurs in the chloroplast stroma
• Light Dependent Reaction

  The process in which the absorption of light stimulates the photolysis of water and formation of ATP. This occurs in the thylakoid membrane
• ATP Synthase

  The enzyme used in the light dependent reaction to pump hydrogen ions into the outer space of the thylakoid, to then form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
• Electron Carriers

  Molecules that transfer excited electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I
• Photosystem II

  The photosystem that induces the photolysis of water
• Photosystem I

  The photosystem that gives the excited electron an energy boost so it can leave the thylakoid membrane and covert NADP to reduced NADP
• Thylakoid Membrane

  Where the light dependent reaction takes place
• Chloroplast Stroma

  Where the Calvin cycle takes place
• ATP and Reduced NADP

  The molecules that are transferred from the light dependent reaction to the Calvin cycle
• ADP, Pi and NADP

  The molecules that are transferred from the Calvin cycle to the light dependent reaction
• CO2

  What is taken in during the Calvin cycle from the atmosphere
• O2

  What is released into the atmosphere during the light dependent reaction
• 6

  The number of turns of the Calvin cycle needed to produce one molecule of glucose
• This is a summary of the light dependent reaction. Put the following in the correct order:

  1) Excited electron is passed down electron transport chain until it reaches Photosystem I

  2) NADP is reduced to reduced NADP

  3) Photosystem II absorbs solar energy, producing an excited electron

  4) H+ ions are pumped out of the membrane via ATP Synthase

  5) This induces the photolysis of water

  6) A shape change is stimulated, allowing for ATP to form from ADP and Pi

  7) H+ ions are pumped back into the membrane down a concentration gradient
• Chemiosmotic Theory


  The photolysis of water produces a high abundance of H+ ions, so the energy produced from is means that H+ ions are pumped across the thylakoid membrane via ATP Synthase. This movement of protons changes the structure of the enzyme to allow for ATP production to be catalysed
• RuBisCO

  The enzyme that allows for carbon dioxide to become fixed to RuBP
• GP

  A three carbon chain that is produced in the Calvin cycle after the breakdown of an unstable 6 carbon chain
• GALP

  A three carbon chain that is produced in the Calvin cycle after it has been reduced
• Hexose

  The molecule in the Calvin cycle that begins to form, it is later rearranged to form glucose
• 4 1 3 2 5

  These are the stages of Glycolysis in Respiration. Put them into the correct order:

  1) Isomerisation

  2) Lysis

  3) Phosphorylation II

  4) Phosphorylation

  5) Oxidation
• Phosphorylation


  Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate. Energy is required in this process so ATP is converted into ADP + Pi. There is a high amount of energy stored in the carbon-phosphate bond.
• Isomerisation


  Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate via the isomerase enzyme. This is simply a rearrangement of the carbon backbone
• Phosphorylation II


  Fructose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose bisphostphate. The extra phosphate comes from ATP, so is converted into ADP
• Lysis


  Fructose bisphosphate is unstable so breaks down into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
• Oxidation


  Gylceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate. This releases a lot of energy, converting 4 molecules of ADP to ATP and NAD is reduced.

  Pyruvate now enters the matrix of the mitochondria

  The reduced NAD is transferred to the electron transport chain
• Cytoplasm


  Where the glycolysis stage of respiration takes place
• Link Reaction


  When pyruvate is oxidised, it forms a two cerbon acetate molecule and oxgen. Coenzyme A picks up the acetate to form acetyl coenzyme A.

  Acetyl Coenzyme A enters the Krebs Cycle
• Mitochondrial Matrix


  Where the Krebs cycle takes place
• Step One of Krebs Cycle

  The acetyl group on acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. The citric acid undergoes two decarboxylations and four dehydrogenations. Acetyl coenzyme A is regenerated
• Step Two of Krebs Cycle

  Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated. In this process three molecules of NAD are reduced, two molecules of CO2 are produced, one molecule of FAD is reduced and one molcule of ATP is also produced
• Cristae


  Where the electron transport chain takes place
• Step One of E Transport Chain

  The reduced NAD and FAD transfer electrons through multiple carriers. The energy released from this allows for H+ ions to be actively transported from the inner membrane to the outer space. The reduced NAD and FAD are reoxidised
• Step Two of E Transport Chain

  A H+ ion gradient forms, allowing for the backflow of these ions into the matrix via ATP synthase, allowing for the conversion of ADP to ATP
• Step Three of E Transport Chain

  Oxygen acts as a final electron acceptor, accepting two protons and two electrons, forming water, which is released back into the cell. Resulting in five molecules of ATP bein made in the process
• Net +2


  Number of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis
• 0


  Number of ATP molecules produced during the link reaction
• 2


  Number of ATP molecules produced during the Krebs cycle
• 34


  Number of ATP molecules produced during the electron transport chain