NON-MENDELLIAN INHERITANCE

• GENETICS - branch of biology that studies genes, genetic variation and heredity in organisms.
• INHERITANCE - process by which genetic information is passed from parents to child.
• variation - differences between cells, organisms, or species
• GENE - unit of heredity
• GENE - a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait
• GENOTYPE - genetic makeup of organisms
• PHENOTYPE - The physical appearance or trait of an organism.
• ALLELES - two or more different versions of a gene that are inherited together from a parent
• HOMOZYGOUS - having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene
• HETEROZIGOUS - having two different alleles of a particular gene
• PUNNETT SQUARE - graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular cross or or breeding event
• GREGOR MENDEL - Father of Genetics / studied inheritance
• NON-MENDELLIAN INHERITANCE - type of inheritance wherein the patterns of phenotypes do not coincide with those that was presented in the mendellian law of inheritance.
• INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE - a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele, resulting in a new phenotype.

  
• CODOMINANCE - both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote.

  
• MULTIPLE ALLELES - a gene that is controlled by more than two alleles

  
• TYPE O - universal donor, can donate blood of any type but can only receive blood from fellow Type O.

  
  

  genotype : ii
• TYPE B - can receive blood from type B and O donors.
• TYPE A's genotype is IA IA, iA i
• TYPE B's genotype is IB IB, iB i
• TYPE A - can receive blood from type A and O
• In each cell humans have 46 chromosomes for 23 pairs of chromosomes for both males and females. 22 pairs are somatic chromosomes or any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome the 23rd pair consists of sex chromosomes.
• TYPE AB - can receive blood from types A, B, AB, and O.

  
  

  genotype : IA IB
• MALE CHROMOSOMES - XY (non-identical chromosomes)
• FEMALE CHROMOSOMES - XX (identical chromosomes)
• SEX-LINKED TRAITS - inherited through X chromosomes.

  example : hemophilia gene and red-green color blindness
• SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS - Occur when phenotypes are different between males and females with the same genotype

  
  

  example : soft facial hair in females vs coarse facial hairs in males
• SEX-LIMITED TRAITS - Can only be expressed in one sex or the other

  Not found on the x and y chromosomes, generally autosomal

  example : Premature baldness and type of beard growth