Organisation of Cells

• Cell


  • Cell membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Ribosomes
  • Genetic material
• Types of organisms


  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic
  • Colonial
  • Multicellular
• Unicellular organisms


  Made up of one cell that has to carry out all processes
• Unicellular organisms

  • High SA:V of cells, which allows efficient movement of substances
• Prokaryotic cells

  Have no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles, their simple structure limits the number of reactions they can carry out
• Eukaryotic cells

  Possess a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, increasing the efficiency of metabolic reactions
• Colonial organisms

  made of individual cells living together in a colony, all cells are capable of carrying out all metabolic functions necessary for life, simple specialised cells can be present to improve efficiency
• Colonial organisms

  • Volvox
  • Choanoflagellates
• Multicellular organisms

  Made of specialised cells, cells group together and perform specific functions for organism to function, individual cells cannot live independently
• Structural organisation of multicellular organisms

  1. Cells

  2. Tissues

  3. Organs

  4. Organ systems

  5. Organism
• Stem cells


  Undifferentiated cells with no specialised structure or function
• Specialised cells


  Formed when differentiation of stem cells occurs, develop suitable structural features to carry out specific functions, type of cell formed is determined by location of undifferentiated cells and genes switched on
• Stem cell types


  • Embryonic
  • Adult
• Plant specialised cells


  Formed by differentiation of meristematic tissue found at tips of roots and shoots
• Cell structure is related to cell function
• Cells whose functions increase SA:V, or have a membrane-bound nucleus, possess more organelles and have increased metabolic efficiency
• In animals, specialised cells make up different types of tissues that form organs with particular functions
• photosynthesis chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Cellular Respiration chemical reaction: C6H12O6 + 6CO2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• Organisation of organisms: 1. Cell 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. Organ system 5. Organism
• specialised cells


  formed when differentiation of stem cell occurs. develops suitable specialised structure to carry out function.
• stem cells

  undifferentiated cells with no specialised function.
• organisation of cells

  1.cells 2.tissue 3.organ 4.organ systems 5.organism
• relate cell structure and function

  structure of cell related to the function the cell has to carry out
• what's an example cell structure and function relating

  small intestine: has folds, to increase surface area