3

• How are amino acids absorbed 


  Active transport

  sodium dependent co transporter protein
• how are monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed

  diffusion directly into the epithelial cell membrane of the small intestine
• how are monosaccharides absorbed

  active transport

  sodium co transporter proteins
• endopeptidase example 


  pepsin
• Role of bile salts in lipid digestion

  Emulsifies large lipid droplets into small ones

  binds to monoglycerides and fatty acids to make micelles
• Name the two ends of a capillary

  Arteriole

  Venule
• What happens when first oxygen binds to haemoglobin

  Quaternary structure changes - making it easier for subsequent molecules to bind
• what affect does CO2 have on haemoglobin affinity

  lowers the affinity
• what does CO2 do in blood

  forms carbonic acid

  releases H+

  binds to haemoglobin changing its quat structure
• Why does water diffuse out of capillary at arteriole end

  Higher hydrostatic pressure than outside of capillary
• why does water diffuse into capillary at venule end

  lower hydrostatic pressure in capillary

  increasing conc of plasma proteins in capillary
• term for cardiac contraction/ relax

  cystole

  diastole
• what is an aneurysm 


  balloon like swelling of the artery
• what is an atherma


  a fibrous plaque in an artery
• what is thrombosis 


  a blood clot in an artery
• what substances form a blood clot in artery

  platelets and fibrils
• heart attack 


  myocardial infarction
• cigarette smoking implications 


  nicotine - high blood pressure

  carbon monoxide - combines with haemoglobin
• high cholesterol implications / bad diet


  cholesterol main constituent of fatty deposits

  salt - high blood pressure
• high blood pressure implications

  higher chance damage to artery walls - atheroma formation - even higher blood pressure - blood clots
• what increases blood pressure

  lack of exercise - excessive alcohol consumption - being overweight
• 4 factors affecting transpiration rate

  Temperature

  wind

  light

  humidity
• what makes up structure of phloem

  Sieve tube elements

  companion cells
• What are companion cells needed for

  Carrying out living processes for sieve elements

  providing energy for active transport