Changes in the city centre (CBD)

• 5 reasons behind the decline of the UK city centres:

  1. ↑ online retail > more convenient > make in-store shopping obsolete
  2. Out-of-town retail parks > more convenient and accessible e.g. large car parks, shops all in same area > ↓ visits to town centre (decentralisation)
  3. Cost, methods, time of parking + availability can be difficult for vehicles e.g. have to scan QR code to park > time consuming, technical barrier. Congestion charges also affect traffic and ↑ push factor
  4. Shop on suburbs/ rural-urban fringe (retail parks)
  5. Areas around city centre negative press e.g. ↑ crime > push factor