RM

• Handmade tools


  Finding new materials, new solutions
• Automation


  The use of automatic equipment in manufacturing
• Robotics


  Technology involved in the design, building, operation and use of robots
• Innovation


  Inventing and developing ideas into products
• Stone age


  1. Handmade tools

  2. Finding new materials, new solutions
• Agricultural


  1. Highly skilled workers

  2. Local towns

  3. Farming
• Industrial revolution


  1. Moved away to towns

  2. Employment

  3. Semi-skilled labour

  4. Cheap goods

  5. Improved standard of living
• Today


  1. Machine operated

  2. Increased employment

  3. Still back breaking work

  4. Robotics

  5. Skilled specialists

  6. Less jobs
• Advantages of robotics


  • Produces products of a consistently high quality
  • Low product cost
  • Can produce large numbers of products quickly
  • CNC machines are adaptable, and can often carry out a range of tasks
• Disadvantages of robotics


  • Very expensive to set up
  • Requires a specialist workforce
  • Can be costly if the system breaks down
• New and emerging technologies have influenced change in personnel, job roles and hierarchical structure, physical space and layout of the workplace, systems, processes and workflow
• Crowdfunding


  Raises money for a project by using the internet to get lots of people to contribute small amounts of money
• Virtual marketing


  Marketing techniques that get websites, social networks or their users to pass on marketing messages to other websites and users, to increase brand awareness
• Co-operative


  A business owned, governed and self-managed by its workers
• Fairtrade


  A movement that aims to achieve fair and better trading conditions and opportunities that promote sustainability for developing countries
• Technology push


  New technology or materials are developed, and designers take this as an opportunity to design products
• Demand pull


  Users want product to be improved or redeveloped to meet their needs
• Culture


  The values, beliefs, actions and behaviours used by groups and societies to interact with each other and the world
• Fashion drives styles, colour and materials
• Fashion styles can be dependent on particular groups of people
• Inclusive Design specifically for the disabled
• New materials have enabled new designs of assistive technologies to be developed
• Textile and fashion design may be judged very differently by those of different religions
• Some religions require that certain materials must not be blended
• The 6Rs


  Recycle, Repair, Reuse, Refuse, Rethink, Reduce
• Manufacturing contributes a large proportion of global warming through the burning of fossil fuels
• Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming
• Carbon footprint


  The total amount of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and methane that are generated by a person or organisation
• Smart materials


  Materials that react to an external stimulus and can alter their functional or aesthetic properties in response to a changing environment
• Shape memory alloys (SMA)

  • Remember their shape when heated
• Shape memory alloys (SMA)


  • Eyeglass frames that spring back to their original shape
• Modern materials


  New inventions or materials that have been relatively recently discovered
• Material at present


  May be used or combined in a way that is different from its normal function, e.g. blended, casted, alloyed or treated to improve its functional or aesthetic properties
• Graphene


  • 200 times stronger than steel
  • Ultra-lightweight
  • Strong
  • Lightweight
  • Thermally conductive
  • Very porous
  • Good sound absorption
  • Excellent energy absorption
  • Hypo-allergenic
• Titanium


  • Can be easily polished to a mirror finish
  • High strength-to-weight ratio
  • Can be easily formed and welded
• Liquid crystal display (LCD)


  Made of laminated material of two layers of glass with a liquid crystal core

  Lets light through when voltage is applied, blocks it when voltage is switched off
• Applications of smart materials

  • Thermochromic pigments used in colour-changing coatings, glasses, and thermometers

  Photochromic pigments used in self-tinting glasses

  Hydrochromic pigments used in bath toys, swimsuits, and umbrellas
• Technical textiles


  • Manufactured for their technical and performance properties rather than their aesthetic characteristics
• Technical textiles


  • Conductive fabrics

  Nomex fire-resistant fabrics

  Kevlar bulletproof fabrics

  Microfibre and micro-encapsulation textiles
• Composite materials


  Formed when two or more distinctly different materials are combined together to make a new material with improved properties