Social Studies Final Exam

• Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)


  • Confederacy of six nations with a Grand Council
  • Significant power of women in nominating chiefs and decision-making
• Anishinabe (Ojibwe)


  • Clan system
  • Skills and wisdom-based selection of leadership, consensus decision-making
  • Vital roles of women in family, community, and spirituality
• Mi'kmaq


  • Seven districts, each with a chief
  • Grand Council for inter-district matters
  • Influential role of women in family and spiritual matters, men typically held political power
• Motivations for Imperialism


  • Wealth: Economic gain through resources
  • Power: Territorial expansion
  • Religion: Spread of Christianity
  • Curiosity: Exploration and discovery
• Methods to Achieve Imperialism

  • Establishing colonies
  • Exploiting resources
  • Military force
  • Trade
• Impact on Indigenous Societies

  • Social: Disruption of social structures, disease introduction, forced assimilation
  • Economic: Shift to fur trade, land/resource loss, dependence on European goods
• Groups Involved in the Fur Trade

  • First Nations: Trapped and traded furs
  • French: Established trading posts, engaged in trade alliances
  • British Merchants: Hudson's Bay Company, controlled trade routes
  • Métis: Intermediaries in fur trade, distinct culture blending Indigenous and European elements
• Economic Impact of the Fur Trade


  Foundation of the colonial economy and encouraged exploration and settlement
• Events of the French and British Conflict

  • Seven Years' War (1756-1763): British victory, control of New France
  • Great Deportation (1755): British expelled Acadians from Nova Scotia
  • Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759): British victory, fall of Quebec City
  • Rebellion in the 13 Colonies: Loyalists migrated to British North America, influencing Canadian society
• Acadia


  • Present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
  • Economy: Farming, fishing, and trade with Indigenous peoples
• New France


  • Settlements: Along St. Lawrence River
  • Economy: Fur trade and agriculture
  • Key Figures: Samuel de Champlain, Jean Talon
• British Settlements


  • Initial Focus: Trade and military outposts
  • Expansion: Agricultural colonies
  • Key Figures: John Cabot, Sir Guy Carleton
• Causes of Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada


  • Upper Canada Rebellion (1837): Discontent with the oligarchic rule of the Family Compact
  • Lower Canada Rebellion (1837-1838): Ethnic and political tensions between French Canadians and British authorities
• Outcomes of Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada


  • Upper Canada Rebellion: Reformers' defeat but led to political changes
  • Lower Canada Rebellion: Rebellion suppressed, but resulted in the Durham Report advocating for responsible government and union of Upper and Lower Canada
• Reasons for Confederation


  • Political: Desire for self-governance and political stability
  • Economic: Intercolonial trade and railway construction
  • Defense: Protection against American expansionism
• Key Figures of Confederation

  • John A. Macdonald: First Prime Minister of Canada, key architect of Confederation
  • George-Étienne Cartier: Advocate for French Canadian interests in Confederation
• Reasons for Maritime Provinces Joining Confederation

  • Economic boost
  • Railway promise
  • Debt repayment
  • Federal representation
  • US invasion protection
• Reasons for Ontario and Quebec Joining Confederation

  • Responsible government
  • Self-governance
  • Special language and religious identities
• Reasons for British Columbia Joining Confederation

  • Railway link
  • Debt payment
• Reasons for PEI Joining Confederation

  • Railway funding
  • Farmland purchase
  • Ferry service
• Reasons for Newfoundland Joining Confederation

  • Debt payment
  • Economic support
• Louis Riel


  • Leader of the Métis
  • Led Red River Resistance and North-West Rebellion
• Outcomes of Métis Uprisings

  • Red River Resistance (1869-1870): Creation of Manitoba
  • North-West Rebellion (1885): Suppression of uprising, Riel's execution
• Role of NWMP in Developing Western Canada

  • Remove whiskey traders
  • Arrest lawbreakers
  • Deliver mail
  • Fight grass fires
  • Assist new farmers
  • Engage in the second Métis uprising
• Rupert's Land Purchase (1869)


  Expanded Canadian territory westward
• National Policy


  Tariffs, railway construction, immigration to promote economic growth
• Impact of Immigration and Agriculture

  • Attracted diverse settlers
  • Supported community development
  • Enriched Canadian society with various skills and cultures
• Women's Rights and Societal Changes

  • Voting Rights: Gained provincially in Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan (1916), and federally (1918)
  • Work and Family: More women entered the workforce, leading to changes in family structures and shared household responsibilities
• Aboriginal Population Challenges and Opportunities

  • Challenges: High unemployment, limited education, risk of losing community ties
  • Opportunities: Growing political influence and workforce contributions as baby boomers retire
• Official Languages Act


  Ensured federal services and product information in English and French, promoting bilingualism
• Urbanization Impact


  Rural communities shrank as people moved to cities for jobs, leading to larger, more equipment-dependent farms
• Technological Advances


  • Transportation: Improved roads and aviation connected remote areas
  • Farming: Enhanced productivity with new equipment
  • Communication: Radio and multimedia facilitated long-distance communication and entertainment
• CBC's Role in Canadian Identity

  Fostered national spirit and unity, supported original content in both English and French, and produced programs for northern and Aboriginal communities