White Citizens' Councils were set up from 1954 onwards to stop desegregation. They had around 60,000 members in the mid-1950s.
Often began as organisations opposed to school desegregation in their local area after the Brown ruling.
They used protesting, violence and economic means to stop calls for desegregation. For example, WCC members sacked black employees who signed petitions or were involved in civil rights activities.