PMLS 1

• Disease is regarded as mystery
• Disease is believed to be caused by negative interaction between the environment and the body
• Hippocrates


  Father of Medicine
• Hippocrates


  Author of Hippocratic oath
• Hippocrates

  • tasting of urine
  • listening to the lungs
  • appearance of bubbles, blood, pus, in the urine indicates kidney disease and chronic illness
• Galen ( Claudios Galen of Pergamum )


  • Greek philosopher
  • Father of Experimental Physiology
• Galen

  • describes diabetes as diarrhea of urine
  • relationship between fluid intake and urine volume
• Rufus of Ephesus


  • first description of hematuria, attributed to failure of kidneys in filtering the blood
• Hippocrates


  Who proposed the 4 humors?
• What are the 4 humors?

  • Blood
  • Phlegm
  • Yellow bile
  • Black bile
• Uroscopy


  also known as water casting
• Uroscopy


  visually examining a patient's urine for pus, blood or other symptoms
• Jerusalem Code of 1090


  • Public beatings -> physicians failure to examine the urine
• 900 AD


  1st book on the characteristics of urine
• 11th Century

  • time when practitioners are not allowed to conduct physical exam of the patient's body
  • relied in the patient's description of symptoms and their observation only
• 18th Century


  • time when medical techniques and cadaver dissections (accurate diagnosis)
• 19th Century


  • began using machines
• 20th Century


  • technological improvements (electron microscope and MRI)
  • Prosthetics
• Spirometer

  • invented by John Hutchinson
• Spirometer


  • use to measure the vital capacity of the lungs
• Sphygmomanometer

  • invented by Jules Herrison
• Sphygmomanometer


  • uses to measure blood pressure
• Stethoscope


  • invented by Rene Laennec
  • used to acquire information about the lungs and heartbeats
• Microscope


  • devised by Antonne Van Leeuwenhoek
• Ophthalmoscope


  • invented by Herman von Helmholz
• Laryngoscope


  • invented by Manuel Garcia
  • used to observe the throats and larynx
• X-ray


  • Invented by Wilhelm Roentgen by accident that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low density
• Electrocardiograph


  • developed by William Einthoven
  • used to measure electrical changes during the beating of heart
• Kenny method


  • devised by Elizabeth Kenny
  • used in treatment of polio
• Heart-Lung machine

  • invented also by Herman von Helmholz
• History in US

  • University of Pennsylvania by William Pepper
• History in Philippines

  Hospital Real in Cebu

  • first hospital established by Spaniards
• San Lazaro


  built for the poor and lepers
• Hospital de San Juan de Dios


  built for poor Spaniards
• Laboratorio Municipal de Manila


  • was established by Spanish authorities for laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples
• General Antonio Luna


  • PH war hero was employed as a chemical expert in Laboratorio Municipal de Manila
• End of 19th century


  Spaniards started exploring microbial causes of diseases
• Richard Strong


  • utilized the laboratory to perform autopsies and to examine blood, feces, and urine
• Manila Public Health Laboratory


  first clinical laboratory in the Phil. established by the 6th infantry division of the US army
• Manila Public Health Laboratory was re-opened in October 1945 by Dr. Pio de Roda with the help of Manila City Health Officer Dr. Mariano Icasiano