1

• Health and wellbeing


  The state of a person's physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
• Dimensions of health and wellbeing

  • Physical
  • Mental
  • Social
  • Emotional
  • Spiritual
• Health and wellbeing is dynamic and subjective
• Prerequisites for health as determined by the WHO

  • Peace (absence of conflict)
  • Shelter
  • Education
  • Food
  • Income
  • Stable ecosystem (balance between environment & species living there)
  • Sustainable resources (resources can be used now & into the future)
  • Social justice (similar to equality)
  • Equity (different to equality, relates to fairness and social justice, but has a focus on disadvantaged groups)
• Disease


  A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage
• Illness


  A subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury
• Health status indicators


  • Incidence
  • Prevalence
  • Morbidity
  • Burden of disease
  • Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
  • Life expectancy
  • Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
  • Mortality (maternal, infant and under 5)
  • Self-assessed health status
• Factors affecting health status and burden of disease

  • Biological
  • Sociocultural
  • Environmental
• Health conditions associated with risk factors

  • Respiratory conditions (e.g. asthma)
  • Lung, mouth and stomach cancer
  • Increased risk of infection
  • Liver disease (e.g. cirrhosis)
  • Injuries (road traffic, self harm)
  • CVD, type 2 diabetes
  • Osteoarthritis & osteoporosis
  • High BMI and associated conditions
  • Neural tube defects
  • Osteoporosis & dental caries
  • High BMI and type 2 diabetes
  • Osteoporosis & CVD
  • Dental caries and disease
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Anaemia
• Risk factors


  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • High BMI
  • Underconsumption of vegetables & fruit
  • Underconsumption of dairy foods
  • High intake of fat
  • High intake of salt
  • High intake of sugar
  • Low intake of fibre
  • Low intake of iron
• Population group differences


  • Males vs Females
  • Indigenous vs non-Indigenous
  • High and Low SES
  • Living within vs Outside of major cities
• Old public health


  Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease
• New public health (social model of health)


  An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health
• Principles of the social model of health

  • Acts to enable access to healthcare
  • Empowers individuals and communities
  • Addresses the broader determinants (or factors) of health
  • Involves intersectoral collaboration
  • Acts to reduce social inequities
• Ottawa Charter action areas

  • Build healthy public policy
  • Create supportive environments
  • Strengthen community action
  • Develop personal skills
  • Reorient health services
• Medicare


  Australia's universal health insurance scheme that provides subsidised healthcare to Australian citizens
• Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)


  Scheme that subsidises the cost of over 5000 essential medications
• Private health insurance


  Optional type of insurance under which members pay a premium in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare
• Private health insurance incentives

  • PHI rebate
  • Lifetime health cover
  • Medicare levy surcharge
  • Age-based discount
• Smoking health promotion initiatives

  • NTC (My quit buddy app)
  • Quit Campaigns (Quitline)
  • Anti-smoking laws and packaging rules
  • Aboriginal Quitline
  • Learn. Earn. Legend!
• Close the Gap Campaign initiatives

  • Government agreement
  • Aboriginal Quitline
  • Learn Earn Legend- local leaders
  • 2 spirits program informs on AIDS
• Australian Dietary Guidelines


  • Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
  • Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day and drink plenty of water
  • Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol
  • Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
  • Care for your food; prepare and store it safely
• Income groups


  • Low income (<$1k)
  • Lower-middle ($1k-$4k)
  • Upper-middle ($4k-$12.5k)
  • High income ($12.5k+)
• GNI


  Gross National Income - the total value of goods and services a country's citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
• Intake of foods containing

  • Saturated fat
  • Added salt
  • Added sugars
  • Alcohol
• Breastfeeding


  Encourage, support and promote
• Food


  Care for it, prepare and store it safely
• National Nutrition Week
• Healthy Eating Pyramid
• Recipes and educational resources
• Food insecurity and advertising
• Australian Dietary Guidelines
• Nutrition Australia
• Dietary Change Challenges
• Income Groups


  • Low income (<$1k)
  • Lower-middle ($1k-$4k)
  • Upper-middle ($4k-$12.5k)
  • High income ($12.5k+)
• GNI


  Gross National Income. It is the total value of goods and services a country's citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
• Characteristics of Income Groups

  • Economic
  • Social
  • Environmental
• Human Development


  • Expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
• Factors affecting Human Development

  • Waterborne diseases (e.g. diarrhoea)
  • Long distances to collect water
  • No private toilets = abused women
  • Food insecurity
  • Deprivation of resources (healthcare)
  • Increased stress and anxiety
  • Not given the same opportunities
• Poverty


  Extreme poverty is living on less than US$1.90 per day and relative poverty is living on less than 50% of your country's national average income