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Practicals
GCSE > Chem
10 cards
Cards (128)
Experiment to measure rate of reaction
1. Reacting
hydrochloric
acid and
sodium thiosulfate
in a conical flask
2. Measuring the time until the solution becomes
cloudy
(increased
turbidity
)
3. Repeating at different
temperatures
Increasing temperature
Decreases
the time taken for the reaction
Experiment to measure rate of reaction
1. Measuring the
volume
of gas produced using a
gas syringe
2. Plotting a
graph
with
quantity
on y-axis and
time
on x-axis
3. Drawing a
tangent
to find the
rate
at any time
Ways to increase the rate of a reaction
Increasing the
concentration
of reactants in solution
Increasing the
pressure
of gas reactants
Increasing the
surface area
of solid reactants
Increasing
temperature
Adding a
catalyst
Reversible reaction
Reactions where the products can return to the original reactants
Equilibrium
The point where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, so there is no overall change
Increasing pressure
Favours the reaction that produces the
least
amount of
moles
in a reversible reaction
Increasing temperature
Favours the
endothermic
(reverse) reaction in a
reversible
reaction
In a reversible reaction, if the forward reaction is exothermic, the reverse reaction must be
endothermic,
and vice versa
Crude oil
A mixture of
hydrocarbons
formed from the burial of
plankton
under water
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
with
single
carbon-carbon bonds
Alkane names
Methane
(1 carbon)
Ethane
(2 carbons)
Propane
(3 carbons)
Butane
(4 carbons)
Pentane
(5 carbons)
Hexane
(6 carbons)
Fractional distillation of crude oil
1. Heating to
evaporate
and separate the different
length alkanes
based on their
boiling
points
2.
Collecting
the fractions at different heights in the fractionating column
Fractions from fractional distillation
LPG
(up to 4 carbons)
Petrol
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Heavy fuel oil
Bitumen
Viscosity
The thickness or fluidity of a liquid
Longer alkane fractions
Have
higher
viscosity
Shorter
alkane
fractions
Are more
flammable
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons
with carbon-carbon
double
bonds
Unsaturated
Having a carbon-carbon double bond
Testing for alkenes
Adding
bromine water
, which turns
colourless
if an alkene is present
Cracking
Breaking down longer
alkanes
into shorter
alkanes
and
alkenes
Catalytic cracking
1. Using a
zeolite
catalyst at around 550 degrees
2. Steam cracking at over 800 degrees with no catalyst
Alcohols
Organic compounds with an
-OH
functional group
Reactions of alcohols
1. Combustion to produce
carbon dioxide
and
water
2. Reaction with
sodium
to produce
sodium
alkoxide and
hydrogen
Carboxylic acids
Organic compounds with a
-COOH
functional group
Addition polymerisation
Joining together
monomers
with
double
bonds
Condensation
polymerisation
Joining together monomers with 2 functional groups, producing water
Amino acids
Organic compounds with both an
amino
(-NH2) and a
carboxyl
(-COOH) group
DNA
A large molecule that stores
genetic
code, made from two polymers of
nucleotides
Starch
and
cellulose
Natural polymers made from
glucose
monomers
Melting point
and
boiling point
Tests to determine if a substance is
pure
Formulation
A
mixture
designed for a specific purpose, with carefully controlled quantities of different
substances
Chromatography
A technique for
separating
the components of a
mixture
Polymer
Molecules made from a large number of
monomers
joined together in a
chain
Nucleotides
4
different monomers that make up
DNA
Starch
Natural polymer where the monomer is
glucose
Cellulose
Polymer made from beta
glucose
Amino acids
Monomers
that make up proteins
Melting point
A way to tell if a substance is pure
Boiling point
A way to tell if a substance is
pure
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