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Paper 2
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GCSE > Physics > Paper 2
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Cards (227)
kinetic
energy is
half
the
mass
x the
speed
squared (1/2 mv^2)
Unit for
energy
Joules
(J)
We use
kg
to measure mass
Weight is measured in
Newtons
(N) and is the force acting on an object due to
gravity
Gpe formula
mass x
gravity
x
height
Elastic potential energy
is half of the spring constant x extension squared and is measured in
joules
Fast moving vehicles like cars and planes have a streamlinedshape to
reduce friction from air resistance.
This allows them to use
less fuel
Power is the rate at which
energy
is
transferred
, or the rate at which work is done
Unit of power
Watts
(
w
)
Power
is work done divided by
time
taken to do work, or energy transferred divided by time taken to transfer energy
How to reduce uncertainty
Calculate a
mean
Use a
larger
sample
Force
Any
push
or
pull
Types of forces
Contact
forces (when objects are physically touching)
Non-contact
forces (like magnetism, electrostatic forces, gravity)
Contact forces
Normal contact force (pushing a door),
friction
,
air resistance
, tension
Representing forces
With
vectors
(arrows showing direction and magnitude)
Resultant force
The net force acting on an object when
multiple
forces are present
Finding resultant force
1. Technically adding the vectors, with forces in
opposite
directions being
negative
2. Using
Pythagoras
if forces are at
right angles
3. Using
trigonometry
(SOH CAH TOA) to find
angles
Balanced forces
Forces that add up to
zero
, meaning the object will not
accelerate
Balanced forces mean the object stays at a
constant velocity
, which could be
0
m/s
Scalar
A quantity with
magnitude
but
no
direction
Vector
A quantity with both
magnitude
and
direction
Weight
The force due to
gravity
acting on an object, calculated as mass *
gravitational field strength
Gravitational field strength on Earth is
9.8
N/kg, often rounded to
10
N/kg
Lifting an object at
constant
speed
Requires a
force
equal to the object's
weight
Calculating work done
1. Work done =
force
*
distance
moved
2. For lifting an object, work done = mass *
gravitational field strength
*
height
Hooke's
law
Force =
spring constant
*
extension
Spring constant
The
stiffness
of a spring, measured in
N/m
The energy stored in a spring is equal to
1/2
*
k
* (extension)^2
Moment
A
turning force
, equal to force *
perpendicular distance
to pivot
The unit for
moment
is
newton-metres
(N·m)
Pressure
Force
per unit area, calculated as
force
/ area
Gas pressure
Caused by collisions of
gas
particles with surfaces, increased by adding more
gas
, reducing volume, or increasing temperature
Pressure
decreases
with increasing
altitude
due to lower atmospheric density
Acceleration
Rate of change of
velocity
, measured in
m/s^2
Calculating acceleration from a velocity-time graph
Acceleration
=
gradient
of the graph
Calculating
distance
from a velocity-time graph
Distance =
area
under the graph
Newton's first law
An object's
motion
is
constant
(including 0 m/s) unless acted on by a resultant force
Inertia
The tendency for an object's
motion
to stay
constant
unless acted on by a force
Newton's second law
Resultant force =
mass
*
acceleration
Proving Newton's second law
1. Use a
trolley
on a track, pulled by weights over a pulley, with light gates to measure
acceleration
2. Plot a
graph
of force vs
acceleration
, which should be a straight line through the origin
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