LE Regents

• Cells


  Smallest units of life
• Organelles


  Structures inside the cell
• Nucleus


  Contains DNA that controls the production of proteins
• Ribosomes


  Reads the message sent from DNA and placed amino acids in the correct order to form a protein
• Mitochondria


  Site of cellular aerobic respiration; makes ATP other metabolic activities needed to stay alive
• Vacuoles


  Store food or wastes
• Cytoplasm


  Fluid where many chemical reactions take place
• Cell membrane


  Controls what goes in and out of the cell
• Selectively permeable


  Only certain substances can pass through the membrane
• Diffusion


  Molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration with no energy
• Osmosis


  Diffusion of water
• Active transport


  Molecules move from a low concentration to a high concentration using ATP
• Receptor molecules


  On the cell membrane; the shape determines what substances it can attach to and bring into the cell
• Chloroplast


  Site of photosynthesis, contains green pigment called chlorophyll
• Large central vacuole


  Stores water and sugar
• Autotrophic Nutrition


  Takes in inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water) to create compounds like glucose
• Heterotrophic Nutrition


  Rely on other organisms for food
• Starches


  Made of simple sugars
• Proteins


  Made of amino acids, runs an organism's body
• Lipids


  Made of fatty acids and glycerol, stores energy
• Transport


  Materials must be distributed throughout the cell or body
• Respiration


  ATP is released from the bonds of glucose in the mitochondria
• Metabolism


  All chemical reactions in an organism
• Synthesis


  Making materials in the body
• Excretion


  Gets rid of toxic waste products from cellular processes
• Photosynthesis


  Water + carbon dioxide = glucose + oxygen, light energy converted into chemical energy, happens in chloroplast
• Stomates


  Holes on the bottom of leaves to let carbon dioxide in and to conserve water
• Guard cells


  Control opening and closing of stomates
• Cellular respiration


  Glucose + oxygen = water + carbon dioxide + ATP, chemical energy from glucose converted into ATP, happens in mitochondria
• Organism


  All systems working together to maintain life and homeostasis
• Digestive system


  Digest and absorb nutrients
• Respiratory system


  Gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Immune system


  Protects the body from viruses and bacteria
• Pathogens


  Disease-causing organisms (virus, bacteria, fungus)
• Antigens


  Protein name tags that help white blood cells to recognize pathogens
• White blood cells


  Create antibodies with specialized shapes to destroy pathogens
• Vaccines


  Dead or weakened pathogens injected so white blood cells can practice making antibodies for it
• Antibiotics


  Medication given to fight bacterial infection
• Allergy


  The body makes antibiotics to harmless antigens (allergens)
• AIDS


  HIV destroys white blood cells, no immunity