Ch 2 Vocab

Cards (84)

  • Variants
    Individuals with heritably (characteristics passed down by parent) different trait(s)
  • Wild Type
    Typical example of species found in nature
  • Mutants
    Individual with heritably abnormal trait(s)
  • Trait
    unit of phenotype, observed character
  • Gene
    unit of inheritance
  • Mitosis
    -homologous chromosome pairs replicate to form sister chromatids
    -sister chromatids separate during anaphase
  • Meiosis
    -Homologous chromosome pairs replicate to form a sister chromatids
    -Chromosome pairs separate during anaphase l but newly replicated sister chromatids remain attached
    -Sister chromatids separate during anaphase ll
  • Amorph
    -describes a mutation that causes complete loss of gene function.
    -Loss of Function
  • Hypomorph
    -describes a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function.
    -Loss of function
  • Hypermorph
    -hypermorphic mutation causes an increase in normal gene function.
    -Gain of function
  • Antimorph
    -Antimorphs are dominant mutations that act in opposition to normal gene activity
    -also called dominant negative mutations
    -Gain of Function
  • Neomorph
    -causes a dominant gain of gene function that is different from the normal function
    -Gain of Function
  • Product Rule
    the probability of independent events both occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities
  • Sum Rule
    the probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities
  • Mendelian Inheritance in Seven Rules and Definitions
    1.Multiple Forms of Genes: “Alleles”
    2. Two Copies of each gene per cell
    3. Genes determine phenotype
    4. Genes transmitted intact
    5.Segregation of gene pairs into gametes (reproductive cell)
    6.Zygote: one allele from each parent
    7. Independent assortment
  • Haploid
    Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
    Does not have a pair
  • Chromosomes
    -Can be circular or linear and contains genes that could be inherited
    -In pairs
  • Chromatids
    -One of the pair of daughter strands or a replicated chromosome
    -During chromosome division, two side by side replicas are formed
  • Dominant
    -Overules
    -Higher than recessive
  • Recessive
    Lower than dominant
  • 46
    total number of chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes)
  • homologous chromosomes
    pair of chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad)
    seperates during anaphase 1 of meiosis
  • sister chromatids
    -the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centronome
    -separated during anaphase 1
  • 23
    number of paired chromosomes
  • 92
    cell with two additional sets of chromosomes, total being 92, called a tetraploid
  • monohybrid cross
    -cross between two organisms with a different variations looking at the same trait
    -ex: yellow and green (color
  • Dihybrids
    a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes
    -total of 8 outcomes
  • mutant
    individual with heritably abnormal traits
  • progeny
    an offsprring
  • pure breeding line
    group or identical individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when intercrossed
  • hybridization
    process of breeding indiviuals from genetically distinct populations to create a hybrid
  • Punnet Square
    Square diagram to predict the genotypes of of a particular cross or breeding experiment
  • F1
    First filial offspring resulting from a crossmating of different parental types
  • F2
    Second generation of offspring resulting from cross breeding
  • Parental
    Process which characteristics are passed from parents to offspring
  • heterozygous
    having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes
  • homozygous
    having two identical versions of the same gene
  • homozygous dominant
    carries two copies of same dominant allele
  • homozygous recessive
    carries two same recessive alleles
  • testcross
    experimental cross of an individual organism of a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and an organism with homozygous recessive genotype (and phenotype)
    -ratio: 1:1:1:1