Ch 2 Vocab

• Variants

  Individuals with heritably (characteristics passed down by parent) different trait(s)
• Wild Type

  Typical example of species found in nature
• Mutants

  Individual with heritably abnormal trait(s)
• Trait

  unit of phenotype, observed character
• Gene

  unit of inheritance
• Mitosis

  -homologous chromosome pairs replicate to form sister chromatids

  -sister chromatids separate during anaphase
• Meiosis

  -Homologous chromosome pairs replicate to form a sister chromatids

  -Chromosome pairs separate during anaphase l but newly replicated sister chromatids remain attached

  -Sister chromatids separate during anaphase ll
• Amorph

  -describes a mutation that causes complete loss of gene function.

  -Loss of Function
• Hypomorph

  -describes a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function.

  -Loss of function
• Hypermorph

  -hypermorphic mutation causes an increase in normal gene function.

  -Gain of function
• Antimorph

  -Antimorphs are dominant mutations that act in opposition to normal gene activity

  -also called dominant negative mutations

  -Gain of Function
• Neomorph

  -causes a dominant gain of gene function that is different from the normal function

  -Gain of Function
• Product Rule

  the probability of independent events both occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities
• Sum Rule

  the probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities
• Mendelian Inheritance in Seven Rules and Definitions

  1.Multiple Forms of Genes: “Alleles”

  2. Two Copies of each gene per cell

  3. Genes determine phenotype

  4. Genes transmitted intact

  5.Segregation of gene pairs into gametes (reproductive cell)

  6.Zygote: one allele from each parent

  7. Independent assortment
• Haploid 


  Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

  Does not have a pair
• Chromosomes 


  -Can be circular or linear and contains genes that could be inherited

  -In pairs
• Chromatids


  -One of the pair of daughter strands or a replicated chromosome

  -During chromosome division, two side by side replicas are formed
• Dominant 


  -Overules

  -Higher than recessive
• Recessive


  Lower than dominant
• 46


  total number of chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes)
• homologous chromosomes 


  pair of chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad)

  seperates during anaphase 1 of meiosis
• sister chromatids 


  -the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centronome

  -separated during anaphase 1
• 23 


  number of paired chromosomes
• 92


  cell with two additional sets of chromosomes, total being 92, called a tetraploid
• monohybrid cross


  -cross between two organisms with a different variations looking at the same trait

  -ex: yellow and green (color
• Dihybrids 


  a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes

  -total of 8 outcomes
• mutant 


  individual with heritably abnormal traits
• progeny 


  an offsprring
• pure breeding line


  group or identical individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when intercrossed
• hybridization 


  process of breeding indiviuals from genetically distinct populations to create a hybrid
• Punnet Square 


  Square diagram to predict the genotypes of of a particular cross or breeding experiment
• F1


  First filial offspring resulting from a crossmating of different parental types
• F2


  Second generation of offspring resulting from cross breeding
• Parental


  Process which characteristics are passed from parents to offspring
• heterozygous 


  having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes
• homozygous 


  having two identical versions of the same gene
• homozygous dominant 


  carries two copies of same dominant allele
• homozygous recessive


  carries two same recessive alleles
• testcross


  experimental cross of an individual organism of a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and an organism with homozygous recessive genotype (and phenotype)

  -ratio: 1:1:1:1