pharma

• Plasma Membrane


  Separates the inside of the cell to the outside environment; phospholipid bilayer
• Cell Wall


  Provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress; cellulose
• Cytoplasm


  Totality of cytosol
• Nucleus


  Control center, stores genetic information
• Nucleolus


  Made of RNA and DNA; produces and assembles ribosomes
• Ribosomes


  Translate mRNA into protein
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Partly coated in ribosomes; protein synthesis and modification
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Lipid synthesis
• Golgi Apparatus


  Protein transport
• Chloroplasts


  Photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll
• Mitochondria


  Powerhouse of the cell
• Lysosome


  Digest macromolecule
• Vacuole


  Maintains internal pressure; waste disposal
• Cytoskeleton


  Microtubules and actin filaments; contributes to the cell's shape and the organization and movement of the organelles inside
• Centrosome


  Produces microtubules
• Meristematic Tissues


  • Apical Tissues
  • Intercalary Tissues
  • Lateral Tissues
• Simple Permanent Tissues


  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
• Complex Permanent Tissues


  • Phloem
  • Xylem
• Leaf Parts


  • Blade
  • Apex
  • Margin
  • Veins
  • Midrib
  • Base
• Midrib


  Long thickened structure which is a continuation of the petiole up to the opposite end of the leaf
• Veins


  Networks found in both sides of the midrib which is the continuation of the vascular tissue
• Petiole


  Stalk which is cylindrical and attaches the blade to the stem; leaves without petiole are called sessile
• Stipules


  Earlike lobe at the base of the petiole
• Leaf Types


  • Simple
  • Compound
  • Parallel
  • Netted
  • Fleshy
  • Succulent
  • Coriaceous
  • Chartaceous
• Stem Parts

  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Vascular bundles
• Modified Stems

  • Bulb
  • Clove
  • Tuber
  • Rhizome
  • Runner/Stolons
• Root Functions

  • Absorption of water
  • Anchoring of the plant body to the ground
  • Storage of food and nutrients
  • Vegetative reproduction
• Root Types


  • Tap
  • Fibrous
  • Adventitious
  • Aerating
  • Buttress
• Photosynthesis

  1. Photo-excitation

  2. Electron Transport Chain

  3. Photolysis

  4. Chemiosmosis

  5. Reduction

  6. Electron in PSI → Stroma
• 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water → Glucose + Oxygen
• Calvin Cycle


  1. Carbon Fixation

  2. Activation

  3. Reduction

  4. Replacement of RuBP
• Plant Hormones


  • Abscisic Acid
  • Auxin
  • Cytokinin
  • Gibberellins
• Binomial Nomenclature


  The system where two names are given to name a species
• Binomial Nomenclature Rules

  • Genus name goes first
  • Genus name is capitalized
  • Species name is never capitalized
  • Entire name must be in italics or underlined handwritten
• Hierarchical Classification


  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Major Plant Families and their Medicinal Importance

  • Fabaceae
  • Solanaceae
  • Asteraceae
• Pollination


  Transfer of pollen grains from the stamens to the ovule-bearing organs or to the ovules
• Glycosides


  Naturally occurring substances in which a carbohydrate portion is combined with a hydroxy compound
• Terpenoids


  Protect plants against insects and herbivores, and provide protection from fungal diseases and infestations
• Seed Components


  • Embryo
  • Endosperm
  • Seed-coat