Science

• Solid


  • Particles vibrate in a fixed position, cannot flow
• Liquid


  • Particles are close together and move around each other
• Gas


  • Particles are far apart and move quickly
• pH Scale


  • Acidic
  • Neutral
  • Alkaline/Basic
• Acid


  Corrosive substance
• Indicator


  Chemical solution that produces colour changes corresponding to different pH levels
• Blue litmus paper turns red in an acid, red litmus paper turns blue in an alkaline
• DNA


  Found in the nucleus and organised into chromosomes, carries the genetic information of a living being
• DNA molecule


  • Contains two strands twisted around each other creating a double helix shape, held together by base pairs A-T and G-C
• Chromosome


  Found in the nucleus of a cell, human cells have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
• A child gets 23 chromosomes from each parent, resulting in 46 chromosomes
• Parts of the Breathing System

  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Alveoli
  • Diaphragm
• Alveoli


  • Air sacs at the end of the bronchi where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves to be breathed out
• Parts of a Plant Cell

  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
  • Cytoplasm
• Cell wall


  Stronger and more rigid than the cell membrane, less flexible
• Vacuole


  For storage
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from high to low concentration
• Osmosis


  Movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
• Parts of an Animal Cell

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
• Nucleus

  • Controls the cell, looks like a floating ball and contains genetic material
• Cytoplasm


  • The liquid that takes up most of the cell where chemical reactions happen
• Cell membrane


  • A flexible outer layer that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out
• Mitochondria

  • Tiny parts of the cell with energy, found in the cytoplasm
• What is the Alveoli


  Sacs at the end of a bronchi
• What is gas exchange?

  the process in which oxygen enters the blood flow and corbon dioxide exits to be breathed out
• what is sublimtion?


  sublimation is the process in which a solid changes state into a gas without going into the liquid state
• Chambers


  • Two atria (upper two chambers)
  • Two ventricles (lower chambers)
• Pulmonary arteries


  Carrying oxygen-less blood
• Pulmonary veins


  Carrying oxygenated blood
• Neutralisation


  Acid + alkali → salt + water
• Variation


  • Continuous variation (range with many possible values, e.g. height/weight)
  • Discontinuous variation (specific, limited separate categories, e.g. hair colour, eye colour, blood type)
• Continuous variation involves a range with many possible values
• Discontinuous variation involves only specific, limited separate categories
• Forces


  • Contact forces (physically touching, e.g. friction, tension, normal)
  • Non-contact forces (physically separated objects, e.g. gravitational, electrostatic, magnetic)
• Resultant force


  The sum of all the forces added together