wsm

• Workflow Efficiency


  "Value Added Ratio" - one way to measure workflow efficiency formula
• Workflow Efficiency


  • Improve resource, production capacity, output cost, error rates, and quality
• "Time is Money"
• The more productive you are, the more money you are making
• As an IE, you have to establish actionable goals (feasible and possible)
• Process Cycle Efficiency


  Value Added Time / Total Cycle Time
• Process cycle - 25 is highly effective
• Value Added Time


  Waiting to order, queuing
• Total Cycle Time


  How long it takes to finish from start - end/finish
• Efficiency is given in percent
• Wasted Time


  Waiting for someone to order
• Reduce Total Cycle Time


  1. Automating repetitive tasks

  2. Remove unnecessary steps
• 3 Factors in Productivity


  • People
  • Process
  • Equipment & Technology
• People


  Most important factor in productivity
• Could be promoted through evaluation
• Process


  • Must be mapped out
  • Identify bottleneck
• Equipment & Technology


  • Are the people taught how to use them?
  • Preventive maintenance
• Workflow Inefficiency


  • Unnecessary Task
  • Manually Done
  • Poor Communication
  • Human Error
• Update Processes and Technology


  One way to enable production and to maximize the worker's individual effort
• Process Cycle Efficiency Example

  • 4hrs (VAT) / 30 hrs (CT) = 13%
• History of Manufacturing


  • Stage 1: Mechanical - First mechanised manufacturing equipment, powered by water and steam
  • Stage 2: Electrical - Introduction of mass production, powered by electricity
  • Stage 3: Computer/Internet - Electronics and computers help automated production
  • Stage 4: Digital - Real objects and virtual processes and interlinked; cyber-physical systems
• Commit to Scheduled Maintenance


  1. Preventive maintenance can reduce machinery repair bills by 25%

  2. Anticipate that machines can break down

  3. Teach operators how to regular maintenance and do troubleshooting

  4. Know the workflow

  5. Do not delay maintenance
• Train and Educate Employees


  1. Training mandatory for daily safety (use protective equipment

  2. Training: health and safety measures
• Organize the Workplace


  1. Do not need to search for things

  2. Reduce movements to save time and optimal task efficiency

  3. Excess movement is a sign of poor organization and can cost plenty in production time

  4. Organize the workspace (increase productivity)

  5. Use of kanban called Just-in-time (JIT) Production
• Maintain Optimal Inventory


  1. Need for storage room (insured)

  2. Control carrying cost and ordering cost

  3. Keep track of your inventory

  4. Safety stock - denotes that you need to place an order (for lead time)

  5. Rejection rates - supply chain trust
• Carrying Cost


  Cost of holding inventory
• Ordering Cost


  Cost of placing an order
• Components of Work Study


  • Method Study - Examining a job and finding more efficient methods to perform
  • Time Study - Determining the times necessary to perform a job and its elements
• • Method Study - Record how the job is being done
  • Measures work
• • Time Study - Not only for 1 unit
  • Personal allowance - rest room, walk
  • Higher and improved productivity
• System Concept Productivity

  Productivity = Output in a Period of Time / Input in the Same Period of Time
• Regular Maintenance


  • Clean first
  • Learn to troubleshoot
  • Know the workflow
  • Schedule preventive maintenance
  • Do not delay
  • Train and educate employees
  • Training and monitoring
  • Organize workplace - even going to the restrooms to prevent delays
  • Keep things with label
• Productivity


  The physical relationship between the quantity produced (output) and the quantity of resources used in the course of production (input)
• Controllable Factors


  • Product Factors
  • Plant and Equipment Technology
  • Material and Energy
  • Human Factors Work Methods
  • Management Style
• Uncontrollable Factors


  • Structural Adjustment
  • Natural Resources
  • Government and Infrastructure
• Input Process Output Model


  • Input - Materials, components, labor, research and development
  • Processing - Production lines, assembly lines, and management skills
  • Output - End product, customer satisfaction, and employee satisfaction
  • Feedback - Information, new ideas, expertise, and customer feedback
• Factors Affecting Productivity


  • Controllable Factors
  • Uncontrollable Factors
• Productivity Improvement Techniques


  • Technology Based
  • Employee Based
  • Material Based
  • Processed Based
  • Product Based
  • Task Based
• Indicators of Low Productivity


  • Wastage on resources
  • Poor planning of Layout - clutter and traffic
  • Unscientific selection and training of employees - recruitment and selection process
  • Poor working conditions
  • Low motivation of workers - work for more than 8 hours
  • Absence of mutual cooperation between employers and employees
  • Complex work procedures
  • Poor design of products and machines
• Reasons for Low Productivity in PPC Construction Sites