Transgenic plants

• What are transgenic plants

  These are plants which have modified expression of genes, deleted or additional genes.
• What are the uses of GM plants

  Research and commercial.
• What are the main GM plant traits

  Herbicide tolerance and insect resistance.
• What is the chemical name for roundup-ready

  Glyphosate
• What is glyphosate

  A broad-spectrum herbicide. This means it affects both monocots and dicots.
• How does glyphosate work

  It inhibits EPSP synthase which is a chloroplast enzyme required for aromatic amino acid synthesis.

  
  

  A mutant EPSP synthase gene was isolated from glyphosate-resistant bacteria.
• What is a monogenic trait

  A trait controlled by 1 gene
• What is bacillus thuringiensis

  A bacteria that lives in the soil. Its spores contain a crystalline BT toxin encoded for by cry genes.
• How does bacillus thruingiensis work as an inscetiside

  The Larvae consume the crystals, and it is cleaved using proteases in the gut to activate the toxin. This

  The toxin binds to specific receptors in the gut.

  This causes septicaemia and the larvae die.
• What is biofortification

  The process of increasing the nutritional quality of plants.
• What is golden rice

  This is rice which has increased levels of beta carotene.
• What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency

  Night blindness and xerophthalmia
• What is xeropthalamia

  Dry eyes
• What is polished rice

  Rice without the husk
• How is golden rice made

  Using 2 daffodils and 1 Erwinia gene.
• How is Golden rice generation 2 made

  It uses maize instead of daffodil
• What is anthocyanin

  Produces a purple colour in plants
• What are the benefits of anthocyanin

  They are antioxidants.
• What are GM apples called

  Artic
• What are GM potatoes called

  Innate
• What is the benefit of artic apples and innate potatoes

  They have reduced levels of polyphenol oxidase. This oxidised phenolic compounds to produce the brown colour.

  Innate potatoes also have reduced levels of asparagine. This is converted to acrylamide at high temperatures which is a carcinogenic.
• What is biopharming

  The production of new proteins.
• What can be made using plant biopharming

  Edible vaccines.

  Antibodies.

  Enzymes.
• What is transient expression

  When the gene is not incorporated into the host's DNA.
• Describe transient expression in biopharming

  The gene construct is inserted into a viral vector. This infects an agrobacterium.

  The agrobacterium infiltrates the leaves of nicotine plants.

  The protein is expressed in the leaves and purified.
• How is the CRISPR-Cas9 system used in GM

  Guide RNA detects your target sequence.

  Cas9 makes a double strand cut.

  The DNA can be corrected using non-homologous end joining or homology directed repair.
• Describe homology detected repair

  This is when the DNA is corrected and your gene is inserted.
• Describe non-homologous end joingin

  This is when the DNA is corrected with the original sequence.
• What is gene editing

  The use of mutations to improve crops
• What is used in gene editing

  The CRISPR CAS 9 system
• What is mutation breeding

  Seeds are exposed to chemicals or radiation to induce mutations.