Effects

• HUAC (House Committee on Un-American Activities)

  Lead to the Hollywood Ten:

  They were worried that the communists would try use the film industry to spread propaganda. 41 writes, producers and directors called for questioning. 19 named as Communists - ordered to turn up for questioning, didn’t turn up, were backlisted and prisoned for a year
• HUAC (House Committee on Un-American Activities)


  Lead to Alger Hiss case

  Alger Hiss was an important adviser to President Roosevelt in 1930s and 2nd World War

  In 1948, during a HUAC hearing, Hiss was named as a member of a communist group. Trial was in 1949, went to prison for 5 years
• Rosenbergs


  Julius + Ethel tried and executed in 1950s for supposedly sending nuclear secrets to USSR

  Increased fear of communist spread and the increase in McCarthy’s power
• Hollywood 10


  324 people refused to name those who held left-wing views, so were blacklisted from their jobs

  Many sentenced to prison between 6 months and 1 year, with an additional $1,000 fine
• Alger Hiss


  Only effect was increased anti-communist hysteria, since he was a high ranked official
• McCarthy


  Books censored:

  30,000 communist books removed from library shelves

  Investigation into government offices:

  Some employees lost their jobs and blacklisted.

  Claimed to have a list of 205 people in State Department that were known to be members of US Communist Party (this later went down to 57)

  People had been identified during screening of 3,000 federal employees
• KKK


  Involved in Anniston firebombing, Freedom Rides, where they attacked the bus. 50 men attacked, armed with chains, pipes and bats. No one died - but a couple burnt and injured

  28th August 1955: 2 KKK members lynched and tortured Emmet Till for supposedly whistling at a white woman. Never charged. Huge publicity, great for Civil Rights Movement. Since not charged, got other KKK members to do bad stuff as well, since no charges
• Emmett Till


  KKK who attacked acquitted by jury within half an hour

  Casket kept open - huge publicity
• Montgomery Bus Boycott


  Media focused on MLK support - 15,000 people listened to his speech on 1st day

  MLK negotiated with white leaders in Montgomery

  Businesses suffered economic loss of $1 million

  70% of bus users were black, causing bus companies to lose money
• Sit-ins


  120 towns and cities moving to some form of desegregation.

  126 lunch counters had been desegregated by end of 1960s. End of 1961, 810 towns and cities had entirely desegregated public areas.

  Huge publicity and sympathy and resulted in the creation of SNCC
• Freedom Rides


  Anniston firebombing - 600 federal Marshalls sent in to disperse white mob with tear gas

  End of 1961, over 60 rides by 450 riders - Southern state police could arrest Freedom Riders, as long as they also protected them from violence

  Summer of 1961, over 300 riders were arrested and imprisoned for trespassing white-only facilties
• Birmingham


  3rd April: MLK led SCLC campaign of sit-ins and marches in Birmingham to challenge segregation

  10th April: Alabama State government banned all marches - over 2,000 activists, including MLK were jailed for defiance of it
• MLK led SCLC campaign of sit-ins and marches in Birmingham to challenge segregation

  3rd April
• Alabama State government banned all marches - over 2,000 activists, including MLK were jailed for defiance of it. 1300 children trained in non-violent tactics to take place of arrested adults

  10th April
• Young demonstrators confronted by Bull Connor's men, who used police dogs and fire hoses - large media. 956 children arrested. Kennedy intervened due to crazy media. Public facilities desegregated within 90 days, AA allowed to apply for jobs they weren't allowed to initially, protestors released from jail, Kennedy had to send in federal troops to restore peace


  3rd May
• Birmingham remained divided and KKK bomb killed 4 AA children in Baptist Church
• Paved way for Civil Rights bill
• Washington March


  Lead to civil rights bill being passed, since all support

  
  

  Huge popularity - 250,000 both black and white (200,000 black, 50,000 white), and many celebrities. Big ‘I had a dream’ speech
• Meredith Case


  AA James Meredith applied for place in uni May 1961 rejected. NAACP helped his case go to court

  Kennedy intervened, telling people to chillax.

  Eventually, everything calmed down and James was guarded by 300 state troops for next year

  Significant: forced Kennedy to act, showing people who could and would take direct action
• Mississippi Freedom Summer


  1062 people arrested, 80 freedom summer workers beaten, 37 churches bombed/burned, 30 black homes and businesses bombed, 4 civil rights worker killed, 3 AA killed

  Huge media attention and paved way for Voting Rights ACt in 1965
• Selma


  Voting Rights Bill in 1965 - introduced within 48 hours of march and voted through in 4 months.

  Increased publicity for MLK - lead march of 25,000 people, police brutality worldwide media coverage
• Civil Rights Act


  Banned segregation in public places

  Banned segregation in the workplace/choosing employees
• Stokely Carmichael


  SNCC became more violent, Carmichael removed white people from SNCC.

  Popularity raised for black pwoer

  Supported Black Panthers
• Black Power Movement


  Black Power Salute - 2 AA athletes wore their native clothes - huge awareness raised
• Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

  They self-founded black panthers

  Killed 9 police officers, 27 panthers killed

  Decreased support for CRM - AAs presented as dangerous

  Contributed to race riots of 1965-8

  Alienated many white people who would have supported their cause

  Criticised by other CRM activists
• 1968 Olympics


  Increased popularity of black panthers by black power salute and going shoeless to show the poverty of AA

  Athletes stripped of medals

  Received death threats and banned from olympic village
• Anti-Vietnam Protest Movements


  Encouraged USA to leave Vietnam in March 1973

  Although protests didn’t end it, did help force shift in government policies

  President Nixon marginalised protestors by portraying them as anti-American
• Student Democratic Society (SDS)


  Berkeley Free Speech Movement in 1964 - resulted in university allowing political advocacy in their grounds. 14,000 students engaged in Free Speech Movement

  Columbia University Protests in 1968 - university ended affiliation with IDA (weapons manufacturing think tank) and scrapped the plans for new gym. Morning of 30th April, NYPD moved in with tear gas - 700 students arrested. 132 students and 12 police officers injured