Diseases

• What is a communicable disease?

  A disease that can be transferred directly from one person to another.
• What is a non-communicable disease?

  A disease that cannot be transferred directly but instead is inherited. (also known as chronic diseases)
• What is the definition of health?

  The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
• What is a disease?

  Anything that damages the physical and mental well-being of an individual.
• What causes diseases?


  A disease can be caused by infection by pathogens, an organism’s genes, environment or lifestyle, and trauma.
• What are the four types of pathogen?

  Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
• There are three main microbe types: viruses, bacteria and fungi
• How can communicable diseases spread?

  Through direct contact, airborne transmission, contaminated food or water, and vectors like mosquitoes. Also through blood or other bodily fluid.
• Name 4 examples of a non-communicable disease

  1. Cardiovascular disease
  2. Lung and liver disease
  3. Diabetes
  4. Cancer
• Is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

  Prokaryotic
• Name the structure of bacteria

  1. Single Celled
  2. No nucleus
  3. DNA is located in the cytoplasm
• Name some facts about bacteria

  • Can live outside the body
  • Help digest food in the gut
• How big is bacteria?

  1-5 micrometers
• Is Fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

  Eukaryotic
• Where is the DNA located in fungi?

  In the nucleus
• Name some facts about fungi

  • Mostly multicellular
  • Some are single celled (yeast)
• How big is fungi?

  50+ micrometers
• Are protists prokaryotic to eukaryotic?

  Eukaryotic
• Where is the DNA located in protists?

  In the nucleus
• Protists can be single celled or multicellular
• Protists are 1+ micrometers
• What are the properties of viruses?

  • Not made of cells
  • Virus particles are made of genetic material wrapped in a layer of protein and sometimes fat
• What is a Pathogen?

  A microorganism that can cause disease in animals.
• How do pathogens cause disease?

  Invasion - A pathogen penetrates and colonizes host cells, leading to tissue damage and disrupted cellular function.
• Immune system evasion


  A pathogen evades the host's immune response, allowing it to persist and replicate unchecked.
• What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

  An epidemic refers to the rapid spread of a disease within a specific community or region, while a pandemic refers to the global spread of a disease, affecting multiple countries or continents.
• What is chemical control?


  Chemical substances are used to control and kill pathogens.
• Biological control


  Introducing a new species that will kill insects that infect and damage plants.
• Antigens of every microorganism are different
• Your body must create different antibodies each time you are exposed to new microorganisms
• Do genetic factors increase or decrease the risk of disease?

  Increase
• How do nutrition and lifestyle affect the risk of disease?

  Nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress management, and substance use can impact disease risk.
• Factors such as:

  • Diet
  • Nutrition
  • BMI

  Can affect the risk of developing disease
• Coronary heart disease is a type of cardiovascular disease that occurs when the coronary arteries (arteries that supply the heart with oxygen) become blocked by fatty deposits. This can result in heart attacks
• Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease:

  • Smoking
  • Lack of exercise
  • Diet is high in fat or salt
  • Being overweight or obese
  • High blood cholesterol
  • High blood pressure
  • Genes
• Different types of diseases that damage the liver:

  1. Alcohol-related liver disease - caused by years of drinking alcohol
  2. Fatty liver disease - build up of fat around the liver usually affects people who are overweight or obese
  3. Inherited liver disease - a build up of iron around the liver caused by a faulty version of a gene called HFE
• Diabetes is a condition where there is too much glucose in your blood because your body cannot use it properly. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2
• Type 1 Diabetes: The pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control blood sugar levels. It develops at an early age and requires daily insulin injections
• Type 2 Diabetes: The body's cells don’t respond well to insulin so glucose stays in the blood instead of being used as fuel for energy. It tends to occur later on in life and can be managed through diet, lifestyle changes and medication