Plants - Exam Study

• Characteristics:

  • Multicellular
  • Autotrophic [make their own food (photosynthesis)]
  • Cell walls contain cellulose
• Main groups:

  1. Non-vascular (mosses)
  2. Vascular (ferns)
  3. Gymnosperms (connifers)
  4. Angiosperms (flowers)
• Evolution milestones:

  1. Tubes (vascular)
  2. Seeds (gymnosperms/angiosperms)
  3. Covered seeds (angiosperms)
  4. Flowers (angiosperms)
• Tissues:

  • Dermal - like 'skin'
  • Vascular - tubes for transport
  • Meristematic - special regions of growth cells
  • Ground - generalized, 90% of the plant
• Special Cells:

  • Xylen & Phloen: special tubes for transport
  • Parenchyma: standard cells (roots, cells, etc)
  • Collenchyma: Extra thick walls for support & strength
  • Sclerenchyma: superstrong/rigid cells (seed coats, fruit pits, etc)
• 1. Waxy cuticle: waterproofing
  2. Upper Epidermis: like epidermis
  3. Palisade layer: photosynthesis
  4. Vascular Bundle: ‘vein’ xylem and phloem
  5. Spongy layer: photosynthesis and gas exchange
  6. Lower Epidermis and cuticle
  7. Guard cell/Stomata: window for gas exchange

  
• 1. Epidermis
  2. Phloem
  3. Xylem
  4. Cortex
  5. Endodermis
  6. Pith
  7. Dicot
  8. Monocot

  
• 1. Epidermis
  2. Vascular bundle (xylem and phloem)
  3. Cortex
  4. Monocot
  5. Dicot

  
• 1. Waxy Cuticle: waterproofing
  2. Upper epidermis: like skin
  3. palisade layer: photosynthesis
  4. vascular bundle: has xylem (carries water) and phloem (carries water and sugar)
  5. spongy layer: photosynthesis and gas exchange (O2 out CO2 in)
  6. Lower epidermis and cuticle
  7. Stomata: guard cells swell with water to create a window for gas exchange
• 1. Waxy Cuticle: waterproofing
  2. Upper epidermis: like skin
  3. palisade layer: photosynthesis
  4. vascular bundle: has xylem (carries water) and phloem (carries water and sugar)
  5. spongy layer: photosynthesis and gas exchange (O2 out CO2 in)
  6. Lower epidermis and cuticle
  7. Stomata: guard cells swell with water to create a window for gas exchange

  
• 1. Xylem and phloem: transport water/mineral up, sugar down
  2. cortex: parenchyma cells, store nutrients
  3. Epidermis: covered in root hairs that increase surface area for water and mineral absorption
  4. apical meristem: meristematic tissue, growth point
  5. root cap: covering that protects the root tip