Brain

• Brain


  Divided into four main parts: brainstem, diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebellum
• Brainstem


  • Controls breathing, heartbeat rates and reactions to auditory and visual stimuli
• Diencephalon


  • Controls homeostasis
• Cerebrum


  • Controls intellectual processes and emotions
• Cerebellum


  • Maintains body posture and balance
• Protection of the brain

  Cranial bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, ventricles, interventricular foramen
• Neurons


  Functional unit of the nervous system
• Neurotransmitters


  Chemicals released by neurons to transmit signals to other cells
• Cerebral hemispheres


  • Frontal lobe: muscle movement, moods, aggression, smell, motivation
  • Parietal lobe: touch, pain, balance, taste, temperature
  • Temporal lobe: hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought, judgment
  • Occipital lobe: vision
• Cerebellum


  • Coordinating muscular movements, maintaining posture, maintaining balance
• Limbic system


  Brain structure generally located under the cerebral cortex, above the brain stem, responsible for the regulation of emotion, memory and behavior
• Limbic system structures


  • Amygdala, cingulate cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus
• Autonomic Nervous System


  Subdivision of efferent PNS, functions without conscious effort, regulates functions of internal organs, assists in maintaining homeostasis, helps deal with emergency situations
• Sympathetic division


  • Increases heartbeat and breathing rates, neurotransmitters: acetylcholine and norepinephrine
• Parasympathetic division


  • Stimulates digestion, urination, and defecation, neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
• 12 Cranial Nerves

  • (I) Olfactory: smell
  • (II) Optic: sight
  • (III) Oculomotor: movement of eyeball, constriction of pupil
  • (IV) Trochlear: movement of eyeball
  • (V) Trigeminal: chewing, sensations in teeth
  • (VI) Abducens: movement of eyeball
  • (VII) Facial: facial expression, taste, tear and salivary glands
  • (VIII) Vestibulocochlear: equilibrium, hearing
  • (IX) Glossopharyngeal: swallowing, taste, salivary glands
  • (X) Vagus: certain muscle movements, sensory impulses
  • (XI) Accessory: swallowing, head movement
  • (XII) Hypoglossal: swallowing, speech