Lesson 3-4

• Interculturalism - the idea that people should learn about other cultures and respect them
• Multiculturalism - The idea that a country should have more than one culture and that each culture should be respected
• Interracial Communication - communicating with people from different races
• Interethnic Communication - Interacting with people of different ethnic origin
• International Communication - Communicating between representatives from different nations.
• Intercultural Communication - Interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture.
• High-Context Communication - Tradition-linked communication system which adheres strongly to being indirect
• Low-Context Communication - System that works on straight-forward communication.
• Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language

  1. Frozen
  2. Formal/Academic
  3. Consultative
  4. Casual/Informal
  5. Intimate
• Frozen - Official business and educational language which features complete sentences and specific word choice, which often contains archaisms
• Formal/Academic - Used by professionals such as doctors, lawyers, engineers, scientists, etc., who use precise terminology and technical terms
• Consultative - A style used when people are discussing ideas together; it is more conversational than formal but still uses standard grammar and vocabulary
• Casual/Informal - The most relaxed form of speech, characterized by contractions (e.g., "I'm" instead of "I am") and slang words
• Intimate - Speech between lovers, family members, close friends, and other intimate relationships
• Linguistic Landscape - The totality of the linguistic resources of a community, including the patterns of use of these resources.
• Linguistic Landscape - Displayed language in a particular space eg. advertisement, billboards, and other signs
• Linguistic Landscape Examples

  1. Regulations
  2. Billboards
  3. Signages
  4. Street Names
  5. Grafitti
• Geosemiotics is the study of the social meaning of the material placement of signs in the world.
• Principle of Geosemiotics

  1. Indexicality
  2. Dialogicality
  3. Selection
• Selection - Choosing which signs are displayed in public spaces
• Indexicality - Signs that point to something else or refer to another thing
• Dialogicality - A sign can be interpreted differently by different people depending on their background knowledge
• Kinds of Signs

  1. Regulatory Signs
  2. Infrastructural Signs
  3. Commercial Signs
  4. Transgressive Signs
• Regulatory Signs - Control, regulate, prohibit, warn, inform, guide, direct
• Commercial Signs - Advertise, promote, sell products/services, attract customers
• Infrastructural Signs - Identify, locate, orientate, indicate, mark boundaries, demarcate territory
• Infrastructural Signs - Identify, orientate, locate, indicate, mark boundaries, define space
• Transgressive Signs - Challenge authority, subvert norms, resist oppression, express dissent, provoke thought