Emergence and evolution

• Pre-industrial sport


  Mob football- brutal, little rules, violent, lower class men.

  Cock fighting- upper class

  Real tennis- complex rules, upper class, cost money

  fox hunting- upper class, cost money

  Cricket- both classes, different roles
• Socio-cultural factors pre


  social class- upper and lower

  gender- women seen as weaker sex and couldn’t participate in much sport

  law and order- little formal law

  education and literacy- lower class not educated

  availability of time- lower class worked long hours not much extra time. upper had plenty.

  availability of money- lower none upper lots

  transport- upper class could afford horses.
• post industrial


  amateurism- upper class participate for fun

  professionalism- lower class payed to play

  social class- more class divides, emergence of the middle class.

  gender- women begin to have careers

  law- defined laws

  education-national system in public schools. sport more widely played as the lower class were becoming educated

  time & money- factory teams, more leisure time, lack of disposable income still. slowly more leisure time is given as the work week decreases from 72h to 37/40h.

  transport- not accessible but roads, bikes and cars start to be developed.
• Public schools


  -fee paying

  -travelled to

  -helped develop modern sport

  -sport is an important educational element

  -brutality and bullying

  -fagging system and treatment of younger boys
• Thomas Arnold


  -Rugby school

  -promoted regulated sport, revised the fagging system

  -house system, competitive sport against houses

  -muscular Christianity sport with discipline and being a Christian gentleman

  -cult of athleticism combo of physical endeavour and moral integrity
• Rules


  -rules written but differed across schools

  -took games to uni with them

  -set of rules established at Cambridge uni

  -The FA forms a year after this

  • other organisations formed for sport.
  • established rules an arranged competition
• 20th century sport


  -scientific and technological innovation

  -wealth became more common

  -urbanisation

  -communications tech developed making sport globalised

  -more leisure time

  class, gender, law- easier participation, more participation, safer games, codes of conduct drawn.

  education-sport becomes mandatory in schools, introduction of grammar and secondary Modern or tech schools

  time money and space- more leisure time, better wage and more money, better land for sport

  transport- available to all, international comps possible due to planes.
• 21st century


  more participation, higher socio economic classes stay in sport more then lower

  gender- more participation of women, increase in women in media

  law and order- laws made to protect officials and are more specific to sport, drug misconduct, discrimination laws

  education- all children educated until 18, all children put through gcse Exams

  time, money,transport- more time, more participation, global ressession affecting disposable income lowering participation, more transport availability.
• Globalisation


  sport as a worldwide business including media coverage, brands and freedom of movement.

  -players and fans can travel to watch and play games

  -better, faster and affordable transport

  -improved technology ad media increasing awareness of potential players

  -global tours and competitions

  -financial insentives for clubs and players
• media coverage


  -golden triangle

  -live coverage of sport/highlights

  -sponsorship deals attracted

  -more people watch sport

  -rules of sport influenced

  -Olympic games events scheduled at unsuitable times

  -introduction of virtual officials