FINALS (ria reviewer)

• Generic language


  Purports to include everyone, yet literally refers only to men. Examples: congressman, spokesman, mailman, mankind, he, his
• They


  Increasingly accepted as a singular pronoun that substitutes for he or she
• Spinsters, old maids


  Negative terms used to refer to women who don't marry (contrast with bachelors for men)
• Leftover women


  Negative term used in China to describe single, professional women over 27
• Matriarchy


  Rule by the mothers, systems of ideology, social structures, and practices created by women
• Stereotype


  Generalization about an entire class of phenomena based on perceptions of some members
• Polarized thinking


  Conceiving of things as absolute opposites (right/wrong, male/female, masculine/feminine)
• Trivializing language


  Applied to women to define them as immature or juvenile
• Slut


  Derogatory terms used for sexually active women
• Celebrity culture


  Makes it tempting to define ourselves in comparison to celebrities or airbrushed images
• Speech community


  Group of people who share norms about communication, including goals, strategies, and interpretation
• Boys' games


  • Involve fairly large groups, cultivate communication to assert ideas/identity, achieve goals, attract attention, compete for "talk stage"
• Girls' games


  • Involve pairs or small groups, cultivate communication to create/maintain relationships, establish egalitarian relations, include others, show sensitivity
• Feminine communication


  Regards communication as a primary way to establish and maintain relationships, achieve equality, express emotions, sustain conversation, use personal/concrete style, use tentative language
• Masculine communication


  Regards talk as a way to accomplish goals, exert control, preserve independence, entertain, enhance status, assert ideas/authority, use instrumental communication, command conversation, use direct/assertive language, use abstract style, use minimal response cues
• Gender-linked language effect


  Language differences between women and men influenced by factors like topics, speaker status, salience of gender, and other people present
• Masculine speech communities view communication as a means to doing things and solving problems, while feminine speech communities regard the process of communicating as a primary way to create and sustain relationships
• Proxemics


  Space and our use of it, an index of power and way to designate importance
• Haptics


  Touch, communicates different messages to boys and girls
• Kinesics


  Facial and body movements, feminine behaviours include tilting heads, smiling, condensing bodies, masculine behaviours include large gestures, taking up space, entering others' territories
• Paralanguage


  Vocal cues that accompany verbal communication, including inflection, tone, volume, accent, pitch, rhythm - women use higher pitch, softer volume, more inflection, men use lower pitch, greater volume
• Physical appearance


  Western culture places high priority, striving to meet ideals associated with girls/women but men also feel pressured
• Gendered stereotypes


  • Associated with girls and women, but men are not immune
  • Members of both sexes often feel pressured to meet current cultural criteria for being physically attractive
• • People who have been socialized in conventionally masculine speech communities may perceive a woman who defers as less confident of her ideas than a man who advances his views assertively
  • Someone socialized in conventionally feminine speech communities might view a man as insensitive and domineering if he looks impassive, offers little response to her talk, and promotes his agenda
• Stereotypes of Women in the workplace


  • Sex object: Assumes women's value is defined by their sexual attractiveness
  • Mother: Expects women employees to take care of everyone, while men who decline suffer no negative consequences
  • Child: Assumes women need the protection of adults
  • Iron maiden: Women who are independent, ambitious, directive, competitive, and tough may be seen as
• Stereotypes of Men in the Workplace


  • Sturdy oak: Self-sufficient pillar of strength that is never weak or reliant on others
  • Fighter: Aggressive and win at all costs
  • Breadwinner: Being the primary or sole breadwinner is central to how society has historically judged men
• Because men originally designed the workplace and laid the blueprint for its operation, masculine norms infuse the workplace
• Traditionally masculine images of leaders


  • Associated with communication skills cultivated more in masculine speech communities: assertiveness, independence, competitiveness, and confidence
• Formal practices in organizations


  • Policies regarding leaves, work schedules, performance reviews, who reports to whom
• Informal practices in organizations


  • Normative behaviors and understandings not covered by explicit policies: advising, mentoring, socializing
• In some organizations, language and behavior that emphasize men's experiences and interests are normative
• Because men originally organized most workplaces, many informal networks were created largely or exclusively by men, giving rise to the term old boy network
• Workplace bullying is repeatedly acting toward a person or persons in ways that humiliate, intimidate, or otherwise undermine the target's professional credibility
• Glass ceiling


  An invisible barrier that limits the advancement of women and minorities
• Glass walls


  Sex segregation on the job, in which women are placed in "pink collar" positions that require skills traditionally associated with women
• Affirmative action


  • Remedies must apply to entire groups, not just to individuals
  • Preferential treatment of qualified members of groups that have suffered discrimination
  • Effectiveness judged by results, not intent
• Quotas


  Specify a number or percentage of some group that must be admitted, hired, or promoted
• Goals


  A stated intention to achieve representation of minorities or women
• Diversity training


  Aims to increase awareness of and respect for differences that arise from distinct standpoints shaped by a range of factors including race, economic circumstances, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and religion
• Player


  Men who are equally sexually active are described by this which are considered as a ”compliment”