3.2

• what % of the population died to smallpox

  10% rising to 20% in towns where poor living conditions and overcrowding enabled the infection to spread easily

  in children, accounted to 1/3 of deaths
• inoculation


  another term for vaccination. against smallpox, this involved the introduction of the smallpox virus into a healthy person by arm to arm or scab to arm. the individual concerned should develop a mild form of smallpox and become immune to any future contact with the disease.
• when did jenner develop the smallpox vaccination?

  1796 on a dairymaid

  repeated on 23 patients and proved immunity
• who was mayhew


  1 of the first investigative journalists

  sorted and analysed interviews with the poor that he logged in the Morning Chronicle
• what were the criticisms of mayhews methodoloy?

  investigations= not systematic

  statistics = unrealiable - focus on marginal occupations skewed his findings and gave an exaggerated picture of extent of poverty in london
• booth's investigations 1840-1916 


  intended to last 3 years but lasted 17 years

  35 men

  divided population into classes
• Booth's population class division

  • Class A (0.9% of population): semi-criminals, loafers and idlers, people who sometimes took occasional work. Believed if born into these classes, rarely escaped
  • Class B (7.5%): casual low-paid workers, most = dockers, employed on a daily basis and had no security of employment. Believed it was due to their mental or physical state and incapable of bettering themselves
  • Class C: slightly better off than B, problem of shading boundaries but irregular nature of work = life was a constant struggle
  • Class D: low incomes but work was regular so able to budget for survival
  • Class E and F (51.5%): in regular employment and paid enough to enable them to live comfortable lives
  • Class G and H (17.8%): lower and upper-middle classes
• how reliable were booth's findings?

  • thoroughness of research
• rowntree 1871-1954


  3 surveys in york

  statistical data

  aim: find out both numbers of people living in poverty & nature of poverty

  1st - 1899

  11,560 houses visited
• what did rowntree find?

  28% of york population = obvious need

  found minimum wage for a family to be in a state of physical efficiency= 21 shillings a week
• primary poverty


  people cannot obtain even the basic necessities of life no matter how well they organise their budgets = absolute poverty
• secondary poverty

  people can obtain the basic necessities of life provided there are no extra calls on their budget
• what was the fabian society?

  1884

  object of advancing the principles of socialism in a gradual, non- confrontational way

  1900 - formation of labour party