Classification of organism

• Invertebrates


  Animals without a backbone or vertebral column. Examples: insects, worms, starfish, and jellyfish.
• Characteristics of Invertebrates without Legs


  Primarily includes worms, mollusks, and echinoderms
• Examples of Invertebrates with Segmented Body


  Annelids (earthworms, leeches), Arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans), Nemertini (urochordates, nemertes)
• Invertebrates with Legs


  Arthropods, bilateral symmetry, segmented body, appendages (legs, wings, antennae, mandibles)
• Examples of Invertebrates with Legs


  Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, Millipedes, Centipedes
• Vertebrates


  Animals with vertebral column, central nervous system, skeletal system, warm-blooded
• Characteristics of Fish ——————————————————————————————————————— Slimy scales, fins, gills, cold-blooded, egg-laying
• Characteristics of Amphibians


  Moist skin, cold-blooded, breathing through gills, life cycle, metamorphosis
• Characteristics of Reptiles


  Scaled and hard skin, cold-blooded, egg-laying, respiratory system, skeletal system
• Characteristics of Birds


  Feathers, wings, beak, keen eyesight, endothermic
• Characteristics of Mammals


  Hair or fur, mammary glands, three bones, warm-blooded, brain structure
• What do Non-Flowering Plants Consist Of


  Mosses, liverworts, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, quillworts, coniferophytes, phycophytes
• Moss Characteristics


  Mosses are non-vascular, have simple leaves, are stemless, and reproduce by producing spores.
• Fern Characteristics


  Ferns are vascular, have complex leaves (fronds), are stemmed, have sporangia, and can be homosporous or heterosporous.
• Conifer Characteristics


  Conifers are vascular, have needle-like leaves, are evergreen, produce cones with seeds, and often grow in coniferous forests.
• Non-Vascular Plants


  Non-vascular plants lack tubes, have simple structure, and grow in short distance.
• Vascular Plants


  Vascular plants have tubes, have a complex structure, and perform long distance transport.
• Flowering Plants


  A group of plants that produce flowers and seeds, characterized by the presence of flowers, seeds, and fruits.
• Monocots


  Plants with one cotyledon (seed leaf) in their seeds, having parallel veins in their leaves.
• Dicots


  Plants with two cotyledons in their seeds, having net-like veins in their leaves.
• Stem Structure (Monocots/Dicots)


  Monocots: most have non-woody stem, fibrous mesophyll, scattered fibrovascular bundles. Dicots: woody stem, collenchymatous or sclerenchymatous cortex, ringed fibrovascular bundles.
• Leaves (Monocots/Dicots)


  Monocots: linear, parallel veins, adaxial surface smooth. Dicots: lobed, net-veined, often hairy adaxial surface.
• Roots (Monocots/Dicots)


  Monocots: adventitious roots, fibrous or adventitious root systems. Dicots: taproot systems, main root grows downward, lateral branches.
• Seeds (Monocots/Dicots)


  Monocots: one cotyledon, often small or absent. Dicots: two cotyledons, often large and conspicuous.
• Monocot Examples


  Grasses, Lilies, Bamboo, Sugarcane, Maize, Palms, Asparagus, Onions, Bananas
• Dicot Examples


  Tomatoes, Apples, Peaches, Beans, Coffee Beans, Sunflowers, Cotton, Avocados, Walnuts, Pears
• Dichotomous Key Basics


  A tool used to identify and classify organisms through a series of binary choices.
• what is a poikilotherm?


  An organism whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings
• what is a homeotherm?


  An organism that maintains a relatively constant body temperature, regardless of the temperature of its surroundings