Study Guide Questions

• Epithelial Tissue


  • Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
  • Provides protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation
• Simple epithelium


  • Simple squamous (lining of blood vessels, alveoli)
  • Simple cuboidal (kidney tubules, glands)
  • Simple columnar (digestive tract)
• Stratified epithelium


  • Stratified squamous (skin, mouth)
• Pseudostratified epithelium


  • Pseudostratified columnar (respiratory tract)
• Endocrine Glands


  Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., pituitary gland)
• Exocrine Glands


  Secrete substances onto a surface through ducts (e.g., sweat glands, salivary glands)
• Endocrine glands


  Lack ducts and release hormones into the bloodstream
• Exocrine glands


  Have ducts and release their products onto a surface
• Connective Tissue


  • Provides support, binds structures together, and fills spaces
• Components of Connective Tissue

  Cells, fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and ground substance (gel-like substance)
• "Blast" cells


  Secrete extracellular matrix
• "-cytes"


  Maintain extracellular matrix
• Loose Connective Tissue


  • Areolar (underlies epithelia, surrounds blood vessels)
  • Adipose (stores fat, cushions organs)
  • Reticular (forms supportive framework for organs like lymph nodes)
• Dense Connective Tissue


  • Dense regular (tendons, ligaments, orderly arrangement of collagen fibers)
  • Dense irregular (dermis, irregular arrangement of collagen fibers)
• Elastic Connective Tissue


  • Contains elastic fibers, found in structures needing elasticity like the walls of large arteries
• Reticular Connective Tissue


  • Composed of reticular fibers, forms stroma (supportive framework) of organs like lymph nodes, spleen
• Cartilage


  • Firm but flexible tissue, avascular
• Types of Cartilage


  • Hyaline (ends of long bones, respiratory passages)
  • Elastic (external ear, epiglottis)
  • Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)
• Integumentary System


  • Components: Skin, hair, nails, glands
  • Functions: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis
• Layers of Skin


  • Epidermis (outer layer)
  • Dermis (middle layer)
  • Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
• Epidermis Cell Types


  • Keratinocytes (produce keratin)
  • Melanocytes (produce melanin)
  • Langerhans cells (immune function)
  • Merkel cells (touch sensation)
• Dermis Components


  • Papillary layer (loose connective tissue)
  • Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
• Sweat Glands


  • Merocrine (release sweat directly onto skin surface, thermoregulation)
  • Apocrine (release sweat into hair follicles, associated with body odor)
• Sebaceous Glands


  Secrete sebum (oily substance) for lubrication and waterproofing
• Functions of Skeletal System

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell formation
• Types of Bones


  • Long (e.g., femur)
  • Short (e.g., carpals)
  • Flat (e.g., skull bones)
  • Irregular (e.g., vertebrae)
• Osseous Tissue


  Specialized connective tissue that bones are made of
• Bone Structure


  • Compact bone (dense outer layer)
  • Spongy bone (porous inner layer)
• Bone Cells


  • Osteoblasts (bone formation)
  • Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
  • Osteoclasts (bone resorption)
• Endochondral Ossification


  Bone development from cartilage
• Intramembranous Ossification


  Bone development from fibrous membranes
• Epiphyseal Plates


  Cartilaginous plates at the ends of long bones where bone growth occurs
• Bone Remodeling


  Balances bone deposition and resorption, influenced by hormones (e.g., parathyroid hormone, calcitonin) and mechanical stress
• Fracture Healing


  1. Hematoma formation

  2. Callus formation

  3. Remodeling
• Osteoporosis is a disorder involving loss of bone density
• Melanin also gives color to hair, eyes, and skin.
• The epidermis contains melanocytes, which produce pigment called melanin that protects against UV radiation.
• The dermis is the middle layer of skin.
• The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.
• Skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue.