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• Community languages are languages used within a particular community, including languages spoken

  by ethnic minority groups.
• Localizaton translation: localization transforms the entire product or content from one language to another
• Interlingua: an artificial interlanguage that is based on the linguistic elements common to English and the chief Romance languages
• To disambiguate means to clarify or explain something that is unclear or confusing.
• Idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning that is not literal.
• Metaphor is a figure of speech that implicitly compares two unrelated things, typically by stating that one thing is another (e.g., “that chef is a magician”)
• Digression is a side-tracking from the main topic of a speech or writing.
• Master of Arts is a college or university degree in an art or social science that is higher than a bachelor's degree and below a doctor's degree.
• Postgraduate degree is a degree awarded after the completion of a master's degree.
• Work placement a limited period of time, usually forming part of a course of study, during which someone works for a company or organization in order to get work experience
• Field study/field research is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting.
• literacy is the ability to read and write, and is a basic skill in education
• Discourse: a general term for examples of language use, i.e. language which has been

  produced as the result of an act of communication.
• Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.
• locutionary act: a distinction is made by Austin in the theory of speech acts between three

  different types of act involved in or caused by the utterance of a sentence.

  A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be

  understood.
• illocutionary act: is using a sentence to

  perform a function. For example Shoot the snake may be intended as an

  order or a piece of advice.
• perlocutionary act: is the results or effects that are produced by means of

  saying something. For example, shooting the snake would be a perlocutionary act.
• Felicity conditions: the conditions which must be fulfilled for a speech

  act to be satisfactorily performed or realized.
• Performative utterance is a sentence which both describes and changes the reality in which it's spoken.
• phatic communion refers to communication between people which is not intended to seek or convey information but has the social function of establishing or maintaining

  social contact. Examples of phatic communion in English include such

  expressions as How are you? and Nice day, isn’t it?
• Ellipsis is the omission of a word or words in a sentence.
• Substitution is an error in which the learner substitutes a form from one language

  (usually the learner’s first language) for a form in the target language1

  For example a French speaker may say “I’ll be leaving demain” instead of

  “I’ll be leaving tomorrow”.
• Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a text.
• Deixis: a term for a word or phrase which directly relates an utterance to a time, place, or person(s).
• Paralinguistics is the study or use of non-vocal phenomena such as facial expressions, head

  or eye movements, and gestures, which may add support, emphasis, or

  particular shades of meaning to what people are saying. These phenomena

  are known as paralinguistic features.
• Context: that which occurs before and/or after a word, a phrase or even a longer

  utterance or a text. The context often helps in understanding the par�ticular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.