gender in education

• Who carried out a study based on girls magazines to show the changes in expectations of women brought about by the impact of feminism?

  Angela Mcrobbie
• What changes did they identify in the magazines from the 70s to the 90s?

  Shift from importance of marriage and having a family to being assertive independent women
• What are some changes to the family since the 1970s?

  Increase in divorce rate

  Increase in cohabitation

  Decrease in number of first marriages

  Increase in number of lone parent families

  Smaller families
• How have changes in the family impacted on female achievement in education?

  Female-headed lone parent families mean more women need to take on breadwinner role

  New adult role model for girls - financially independent women who need well paid jobs and therefore a good education

  Increases in divorce means it is unwise to rely on a husband to be the provider
• Which two main acts have changed women's employment since 1970?

  1970 Equal Pay Act

  1974 Sex Discrimination Act
• What is the 'glass ceiling'?

  The invisible barrier that keeps women out of high level professional and managerial jobs
• Who interviewed girls in the 1970s and then again in the 1990s to show a change in girls' ambitions?

  Sue Sharpe
• Girls achievement - internal factors?

  • GCSEs and coursework
  • Female role models
  • Pupil - Teacher interactions
  • In school initiatives and social policies
  • Feminisation of Education
• Girls achievement - external factors?

  • Rise in feminism
  • Female role models
  • Gender socialisation and literacy
  • Changes to law
  • Changes to the job market
• Peter and Jane French - classroom interactions?

  • boys get more attention but its negative
  • boys tend to dominate class discussions
• Slee - selection processes?

  • boys are more likely to have behavioural issues
  • boys are four times more likely to be excluded