FUNDA LECTURE

• Man


  A human, distinct from other creatures - use of symbols to communicate, understands negation, separated from nature by his own techniques, exists in differing social structures, and has goal to become better than he presently is
• Dimensions of individuality


  • Person's total character
  • Self-identity
  • Perceptions
• Major attributes of a human being

  • Capacity to think or conceptualize on the abstract level
  • Family formation
  • Tendency to seek and maintain a territory
  • Ability to use verbal symbols as a language, a means of developing and maintaining culture
• Man as a biological being

  • Subordinate system (found inside man - family, loved ones, neighbors)
  • Family is the supra system of man - members interdependently working toward a specific goal and purpose
  • Superordinate system (found outside man - society, community)
• Man


  • Normally responds as a unified whole rather than a set of integrated parts
  • Composed of parts which are interrelated and interdependent with each other
  • Superior more than his body parts
  • An open system in constant interaction with the changing environment
• Man


  A unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically, and socially, and who initiates and performs self-care activities on her own behalf in maintaining life and well-being
• Types of man


  • Man is like all man (same anatomical structure)
  • Man is like some man (interests, hobbies, beliefs, etc.)
  • Man is no other man (each one of us has different traits, personalities, that makes us UNIQUE individuals)
• Man


  • A biopsychosocial and spiritual being who is in constant contact with the environment
  • An individual with vital reparative processes to deal with disease and desirous of health but passive in terms of influencing the environment or nurse
• Health


  • A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of illness
  • The process through which a person seeks to maintain an equilibrium that promotes stability and comfort
  • A dynamic process that varies according to a person's perception of well-being
  • A state of being well and using every power the individual processes to the fullest extent
• Disease


  • A specific disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms, attributable to heredity, infection, diet, or environment
  • An interruption in the continuous process of health, may disrupt the person's ability to function, and it may even shorten life
• Illness


  • The inability of an individual's adaptive responses to maintain physical and emotional balance, which results in an impairment of functional abilities
  • The personal experience of feeling unhealthy, caused by changes in a person's state of well-being and social function
• Etiology of disease


  • Biological
  • Chemical agents
  • Physical agents
  • Stress
  • Genetically transmitted disease
  • Wear and tear of the body
• Health continuum


  Ranges from high-level wellness to an optimal state of mental and physical well-being to premature death
• Well-being


  A subjective perception of good and satisfactory existence in which the individual has a positive experience of personal abilities, harmony, and vitality
• Wellness


  A state of optimal health or optimal physical and social function
• Components of wellness


  • Environmental
  • Social
  • Emotional
  • Physical
  • Spiritual
  • Intellectual
  • Occupational
• Changing concepts of health

  • Biomedical concept (absence of disease, human body as a machine)
  • Ecological concept (dynamic equilibrium between man and environment, disease as maladjustment)
  • Psychosocial concept (influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors)
  • Holistic concept (synthesis of all the above concepts, strength of social, economic, political and environmental influences on health)
• Models of health and wellness

  • Clinical model (health is absence of signs and symptoms of diseases or injury)
  • Role performance model (health is the ability to perform work)
  • Adaptive model (disease is a failure in adaptation or maladaptation)
  • Eudemonistic model (health is a condition of actualization or realization of a person's potential)
  • Agent-host-environment model (predict illness rather than promoting wellness)
  • Health-illness continuum (measures a person's perceived level of wellness)
• Dunn's High Level Wellness Grid and Illness-Wellness Continuum are models of health and wellness
• Factors affecting health


  • Internal variables (biologic, psychological, cognitive dimensions)
  • External variables (environment, standard of living, family and cultural beliefs, social support networks)
• Health care delivery system


  The totality of services offered by all health disciplines
• Levels of health care

  • Primary prevention (focused on avoiding disease)
  • Secondary prevention (screening for early detection and diagnosis)
  • Tertiary prevention (interventions to slow or stop the disease and restore natural function)
• Health care agencies


  • Public health
  • Physician's office
  • Ambulatory care centers
  • Occupational health clinics
  • Hospitals
  • Subacute care facilities
  • Extended long term facilities
  • Retirement and assisted living centers
  • Rehabilitation centers
  • Home health care agencies
  • Day care centers
  • Rural care
  • Hospice services
  • Crisis centers
  • Mutual support and self-help groups
  • Nurse
  • Alternative care provider
  • Care manager
  • Dentists
  • Dietician or nutritionist
  • Emergency medical personnel
  • Occupational therapists
  • Paramedical technologists
  • Pharmacists
  • Physical therapists
  • Physician
  • Podiatrists
  • Respiratory therapists
  • Social worker
  • Spiritual support personnel
  • Unlicensed assistive personnel
• Critical thinking


  The process of intentional higher-level thinking to define a client's problem, examine the evidence-based practice in caring for the client, and make choices in the delivery of care
• Clinical reasoning


  The cognitive process that uses the thinking strategies to gather and analyze client information, evaluate the relevance of the information, and decide on possible nursing actions to improve the client's physiological and psychological outcomes
• Problem solving


  1. Recognizing a problem

  2. Defining it

  3. Identifying it

  4. Identifying alternative plans to resolve the problem

  5. Selecting a plan

  6. Organizing steps of the plan

  7. Implementing the plan

  8. Evaluating the outcome
• Unlicensed assistive personnel


  Individuals who are not licensed or registered, but who function in supportive roles and assist licensed nurses in providing patient care
• FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
• NURSING AS AN ART AND SCIENCE
• CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL REASONING
• Problem Solving


  • Requires the nurse to obtain information that clarifies the nature of the problem and suggests a possible solution
• Approaches used in Problem Solving

  • Trial and Error
  • Intuition
  • Research Process
• Trial and Error


  Method in which a number of solutions is found, dangerous in nursing care because the client might suffer harm if the approach used is not appropriate
• Intuition


  The understanding or learning of things without the conscious use of reasoning (hunch, instinct, feeling or suspicion), viewed by some as a form of guessing but by others as an essential and legitimate aspect of clinical judgement acquired through knowledge and experience ("Clinical eye")
• Research Process


  A formalized, logical, systematic approach in problem solving that enables the nurse to be the patient's advocate and provide the best possible care based on findings presented in research
• Nursing Process


  A systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care, a problem-solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care to patients and their families, a way of thinking as a nurse, a framework of interrelated activities resulting in competent nursing care, dynamic and cyclical in nature, a scientific, problem-oriented approach to patient care
• Assessment


  Collecting, organizing, and communicating/recording client data to establish database about the client's response to health concerns or illness, and the ability to management health care needs
• Subjective Data


  Referred to as symptoms or covert data; apparent only to the person affected and can be described or verified only by that person
• Observing


  Using five senses; conscious deliberate skill that is developed only through effort and with an organized approach
• Interview


  Planned communication or conversation with a purpose