M100

• Cicadas of the genus Magi cicada


  Spend most of their lives below ground, then emerge with a period of years that are usually the prime number 13 – 17
• Lebombo bone


  37,000-year-old baboon fibula with 29 notches
• Quipu


  Memory bank made of strings and knots for storing numbers
• Dice


  Oldest known dice were excavated together with a 5000 – year old backgammon set from the legendary burnt Gity in southeast
• Triangular prism


  Writing material used during the Babylonian era
• Cuneiform


  Writing method used by the Babylonians
• Egyptian number system


  Base 10
• Eleanor Robson


  One of the world's most famous mathematical artifacts
• Ahmes


  Earliest named individual in the history of mathematics
• Herodotus


  Greek traveler who believed that geometry originated in Egypt
• Cupit


  Measurement from elbow to fingertips
• Lotus plants


  Symbol for 1,000 used by the Egyptians
• Rhind papyrus


  Most important known source of information concerning Egyptian mathematics
• Herodianic numerals


  Ancient Greek numeral system fully developed by about 450 BCE

  
• Thales' theorem


  If a triangle is drawn within a circle with the long side as a diameter of the circle, then the opposite angle will always be a right angle

  
• Thales


  First to introduce logical proof based on deductive reasoning
• Semicircle


  Name of the school established by Pythagoras
• 3


  Number which represents harmony
• The Republic


  Most famous work of Plato
• Plato's Academy


  School founded by Plato
• Three Classical Problems


  • Squaring the circle
  • Doubling the cube
  • Trisecting the angle

  
• Five Platonic Solids


  • Tetrahedron
  • Octahedron
  • Cube
  • Icosahedron
  • Dodecahedron
• Shape of the writing materials used by the Babylonians

  • Stylus
  • Triangular prism
• Sexagesimal system


  Ancient number system used
• Hipparchus


  Father of Trigonometry
• Diophantus


  Author of Arithmetica
• Archimedes' Method


  Also known as "Method of exhaustion"
• Euclid


  Father of Geometry
• Apollonius of Perga


  His most famous and influential work was the treatise on Conics, where he introduced the names ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola
• Sections of cones


  • Oxytome (acute-angled)
  • Orthotome (right-angled)
  • Amblytome (obtuse-angled)
• Euclid's Elements


  Most important and successful mathematical textbook of all time
• Euclid's Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

  Every positive integer greater than 1 can be written as a product of prime numbers (or is itself a prime number)
• Euclid proved that there are infinitely many prime numbers
• Euclid's five general axioms

  • Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to each other
  • If equals are added to equals, the wholes (sums) are equal
  • If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders (differences) are equal
  • Things that coincide with one another are equal to one another
  • The whole is greater than the part
• Archimedes


  Greatest mathematician and scientist of antiquity, one of the four greatest mathematicians to have walked the earth
• Archimedes' Sand Reckoner


  Estimated that 8 x 10^63 grains of sand would fill the universe
• Stomachion


  A puzzle involving combinatorics
• Archimedes' Spiral


  Mathematics of the simplest spiral form, first discussed by Archimedes in 225 B.C.
• Quadrature of the Parabola

  The area of a parabolic segment is 4 ⁄3 that of a certain inscribed triangle

  
• Sphere and Circumscribing Cylinder

  Discovery Archimedes was most proud of