Geography

• How do waves form?

  the wind blowing over the surface of the sea
• What factors determine wave size and strength ?

  the strength of the wind

  how long the wind has been blowing for

  the distance the wave has travelled
• what is swash?

  the movement of water up the beach

  the direction of the swag is determined by the wind direction
• What is backwash?


  the movement of water back down the beach

  the direction is determined by the gravity this happens at a 90 degree angle
• Destructive waves

  . Destroys beaches

  .waves high and close

  . Weak swash

  strong backwash removes material from the beach (ersosion)
• Constructive waves

  . build beaches

  .waves low and further apart

  . This creates a wide gentle sloping beach

  .strong awash and weak backwash
• Erosion- the wearing away and removal of rock by sea and the wind
• Transport- the movement of material by sea and wind
• Deposition - the laying down of material carried by sea or wind
• what are sea walls?

  Barriers
• what are advantages of sea walls?

  Protect against erosion
• what are the disadvantages of sea walls?

  expensive
• what Are groynes?

  wooden or rock barriers built at right angles to the beach
• Disadvantages of groynes ?

  Erosion.
• Advantages of groynes?


  Erosion control
• What are gabions?


  Wire mesh containers filled with stones or other materials used for erosion control and retaining walls.
• advantages of gabions?

  cheap easy to build
• Disadvantages of gabions ?

  some people find ugly and they rust easy
• What is the crust?

  The outermost layer of the Earth's surface.
• What is the mantle?


  The layer of the Earth between the crust and the core.
• What is the inner core?

  Solid, layer of metal found at the center of the planet
• Core


  Found at the centre of the Earth
• Outer Core


  • Temperatures can get up to 4000°C
  • Molten metal mixture of iron and nickel, this metal creates the magnetic field that protects the Earth from solar radiation
• Convection currents


  A process which involves the movement of energy from one place to another
• Earth's surface


  • Made up of a number of large plates (like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle) that are in constant, slow motion
  • At the edges of these plates (plate boundaries) earthquakes and volcanoes occur
• Tectonic plates


  • Two types: Oceanic & Continental
  • Oceanic crust carries the sea
  • Continental crust carries the land
  • Continental crust is thicker
• Crater


  Funnel-shaped hollow at the top of a volcano
• Magma


  Molten rock found below the volcano
• Vent


  Pipe which carries magma up the volcano
• Ash


  Tiny pieces of rock thrown from the volcano
• Cone


  The shape of a volcano formed of lava and ash
• Lava


  Molten rock that flows out of the volcano and hardens on the surface
• Secondary cone


  A smaller cone that may grow where another vent reaches the surface
• Types of volcanoes


  • Extinct
  • Dormant
  • Active
• Epicentre


  The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
• Whats and extinct volcano?

  a volcano that has not erupted in 100,000 years and is safe for people
• What’s an dormant volcano?

  a volcano that hasent erupted in a a while but Can erupt in furture
• Active volcano

  a volcano that is erupting often and is the most dangerous volcano