Module 6

• Kinship


  Social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society
• Types of Kinship


  • Kinship by Blood
  • Kinship by Marriage
  • Kinship by Rituals
• Kinship by Blood (Consanguineal kinship)


  • Relationship achieved by birth or blood affinity
  • Descent refers to biological relationship
  • Lineage refers to line where one's descent is traced
• Forms of Descent


  • Patrilineal
  • Matrilineal
  • Bilateral
• Kinship by Marriage (Affinal kinship)


  Relations developed when a marriage occurs
• Types of Marriage


  • Endogamy
  • Exogamy
  • Monogamy
  • Polygamy
  • Polygyny
  • Polyandry
• Post-Marital Residence Rules


  • Neolocal Residence
  • Patrilocal Residence
  • Matrilocal Residence
  • Matrifocal Residence
  • Avunculocal Residence
  • Ambilocal Residence
  • Natalocal Residence
• Kinship by Rituals (Compadrazgo)


  Ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family
• Family


  Basic unit of social organization, made up of a group of individuals linked by marriage, blood relations, and adoption
• Types of Families


  • Nuclear Family
  • Extended Family
  • Blended Family
• Household


  Defined as a group of people who live together and make common provision for food and other essentials for living
• Types of Households


  • Nuclear Household
  • Extended Household
• Nuclear Household


  Household consisting entirely of a single family nucleus, which may be: a married couple without children; a married couple with one or more unmarried children; a father with one or more unmarried children; or a mother with one or more unmarried children
• Extended Household


  Household consisting of: a single family nucleus and other persons related to the nucleus; two or more family nuclei related to each other without any other persons; two or more family nuclei related to each other plus other persons related to at least one of the nuclei; two or more persons related to each other, none of whom constitute a family nucleus
• Reconstituted Families


  Also known as a blended family, the sociological term for the joining of two adults via marriage, cohabitation or civil partnership, who have had previous relationships and children from them
• Matrifocal Residence


  A new family model characterised by the geographical dispersion of a family because of the migration of one or more of its members who nevertheless continue to keep tight relationships across borders
• Transnational Families


  Families who live some or most of the time separated from each other, yet hold together and create something that can be seen as a feeling of collective welfare and unity, namely 'family hood', even across national borders
• Bands and tribes


  • Considered the simplest political systems, often perceived to be acephalous or without a well-defined system of leadership
• Band


  Typically formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common descendants, friendship affiliations, and members usually have a common interest or enemy. The main source of integration is kinship either by blood or affinity.
• Tribe


  An acephalous political system organised through the presence of pantribal associations or sodalities that come in form of a council or tribal elders
• Chiefdom


  Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select family
• Simple chiefdom


  Characterized by a central village or community ruled by a single family
• Complex chiefdom


  Composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single paramount center
• Nation


  Groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity
• Legitimacy


  A moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to exercise such power since such is perceived to be justified and proper
• Authority


  The power to make binding decisions and issue commands. It is necessary for a leader to possess authority.
• Traditional authority


  Legitimacy is derived from well-established customs, habits, and social structures
• Charismatic authority


  Legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual, which for some can be seen as a 'gift of grace' or the possession of 'gravitas' or authority derived from a higher power such as those that are associated with the divine right of kings
• Rational-legal or bureaucratic authority


  Authority draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws
• Traditional authority is legitimated by the sanctity of custom and tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status quo.
• Charismatic authority is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual. Weber saw a charismatic leader as the head of a new social movement, and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers such as a religious prophet.
• Rational-legal authority is empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law (rationality). Obedience is not given to a specific individual leader - whether traditional or charismatic - but a set of uniform principles.