Plant cells

• Vacuole

  • Liquid filled sac ( cell sap )
  • surrounded by tonoplast memberane
  • young plant cells = smaller vacuole
  • mature plant cells = larger vacuole
  • vacuole in animal cells is small
  • cell sap contains water , sugars , oxygen , carbon dioxide
• Vacuole functions :

  • water is absorbed into the vacuole and the cell becomes turgid
  • in unicellular organisms, the vacuole contracts during osmoregulation , osmosis and excretion
• Chloroplast

  • oval shaped
  • two layers of membrane
  • contains chlorophyll pigments
• Chloroplast functions :

  • Chlorophull absorbs sunlight and convert it to chemical energy during photosynthesis
• Cytoplasm

  • consists of jelly-like medium
  • contains organic compounds
• Cytoplasm functions :

  • acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells
• Cell Wall

  • strong and rigid outer layer
  • made from cellulose fibre
  • fully permeable
• Cell wall function :

  • maintains shape of plant cells
  • provides support to plant cells
• Alkali shows alkaline properties when they're dissolved in water. Without water , the hydroxide ions in the sodium hydroxide pellet cant move freely and are tied to its lattice structure. So the pellet of sodium hydroxide doesn't show its alkaline properties thus the red litmus paper remains same. With water the hydroxide ions are produced and able to move freely in water thus the sodium hydroxide pellet can show its alkaline properties hence the red litmus paper turns blue