B1

• All living organisms are made of cells.
• Theyre the basic unit of living things.

  Organisms
• Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animal and fungi
• Eukaryotic cells are 10-100 micromillimeters in size
• Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
• The cell membrane is a thin layer that surrounds all cells.
• Prokaryotic cells are bacteria and archaea
• Bacteria is an example of prokaryotic cell.
• Cell wall - only plant cells have this. It provides support to the cell.
• Cell wall - provides support to the cell and protects it from bursting when water enters the cell
• Plant cells have rigid cell walls made up of cellulose while bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
• Nucleus - contains DNA and controls what happens inside the cell
• Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria
• Prokaryotic cells may have one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
• Plasmids in prokaryotic cells are able to replicate and move between cells so that genetic information can be shared
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, genetic material is stored in a single DNA loop in the cytoplasm
• Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Diffusion describes the movement of particles
• In diffusion , the particles move randomly
• Substances can move in and out of cells across a partially permeable membrane
• The larger the surface area of a solid, the faster the rate of diffusion.
• The greater the temperature difference between two areas, the faster the rate of diffusion.
• The higher the concentration gradient (the bigger the difference in concentrations), the faster the rate of diffusion.
• Osmosis is the process by which water molecules pass through a selectively permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one until both solutions are equally concentrated.
• A solution is a mixture where one substance dissolves into another.
• Osmosis is the process by which water molecules pass through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration until both sides are at equilibrium.
• Solvent - The liquid that does the dissolving
• A cell will take up water by osmosis if it's placed in pure water or a dilute solution.
• Blood vessels replenish blood supply to maintain a high concentration gradient by bringing in new blood as diffusion starts to even out the concentrations
• Osmosis is a special case of diffusion
• Osmosis is when water moves through a partially permeable membrane to go from an area of low concentration to an area of a high concentration
• A partially permeable membrane allows water through, however it will not let larger molecules dissolved in water through
• When there's a lot of water molecules on one side of a partially permeable membrane, but not many on the other side, water will move from the dilute to the concentrated solution
• Water molecules in osmosis will move through the membrane in both directions, but the net movement of water will be from the dilute solution to a concentrated solution
• Active transport allows sugar molecules, which are needed for the cell respiration to be absorbed from the blood from the gut even when the sugar concentration of the blood is higher
• Mineral absorption in plants, active transport in the root hair cells allows plants to absorb mineral ions which are necesary for healthy growth even though the concentration of minerals is usually lower in the soil than the root hair cell
• Active transport is the net movement of particles against a concentration gradient. Energy is therefore required
• Organs are groups of distinct tissues that work together to perform a specific function
• Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
• Enzymes increase the speed of reactions