PR 1 [Examination]

• Research Introduction

  • Requires carefully designed writing, especially in presenting important ideas. The goal of an introduction is to hook the reader's interest. A good research introduction (in the case of IMRaD) Format) needs to present the TRENDS in the chosen topic, discusses the ISSUES it wishes to address, identify the OBJECTIVES of the study, and determine the CONTRIBUTION to its benefactors (Tanim Taino, n.d.).
• TIOC FORMAT

  Trends - Background of the Study

  Issues - Research Gaps (RRL)

  Objectives - Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, and Scope and Delimitations

  Contributions - Significance of the Study
• Trends

  • What is the topic?
  • Define it.
  • What are the statistical data that show the gravity of the problem?
  • Who are affected by the current trend?
  • It is necessary to provide insights to both global and local situations.
• Issues

  • After several solutions, what is still the unresolved issue?
  • What are the unaddressed problem?
  • Is it the gap in time? Is it outdated? Is it new in the area?
  • The gap needs to focus more on the local situation.
• Objectives

  • What does you research try to achieve?
  • What is the main goal?
  • What is your focus?
  • What are your limits?
  • Establishing a clear objective, allows the researcher to have a clear direction.
• Contributions

  • What are the intended results of the study?
  • Who will benefit from it and what benefit will they get?
  • Clarifying the contribution of your research paper explains its relevance in the present setting.
• Remember!

  A well-rounded research introduction should be concise yet full of essential data/

  • Trends - 3-5 paragraphs
  • Issues - 2-3 paragraphs
  • Objectives - 1 paragraph
  • Contributions - 1 paragraph
• Research Methodology

  • It is the chapter that describes and discusses in detail how the researcher collects and analyzes data in order to answer their research questions.
• Method

  • A technique which the researcher uses to gather and generate data about the subjects of the study.
• Methodology

  • Is the section of the research paper which explains why the researcher chose to use the particular methods.
• Research Design

  • Is a plan which structures a study to ensure that the data collected and generated will contain information needed to answer the initial inquiry as full and clearly as possible.
• Research Design

  • This section describes the specific research approach you will use in the study.
  • Qualitative Research designs are good at answering "how?" and "what?" questions.
  • The Research Dependent on the purpose of the study and the set of specific research questions you have formulated.
• Narrative research design


  • Includes stories that reflect on people's experiences and meaning that this experience has for them
• Phenomenology research design


  • Focuses on the subjective experience of the individual and seeks to understand the essence of the structure of a phenomenon from the perspective of those who experience it
• Ethnography research design


  • Researchers immerse themselves in the culture or subculture they study and try to see the world from cultural member's point of view
• Grounded Theory research design


  • Generates and modifies a theory, data usually collected through non-standardized interviews, participant observation, and other data sources
• Case Study research design


  • Has definite quality like time, space, and/or components compromising the case, chosen because researchers are interested in insight and discover rather than the testing of a hypothesis
• Research Locale

  • This section describes the setting or location of your study.
  • The specific description of the setting is very important in a qualitative research since the setting or content may have an effect or impact on the behavior of the respondents.
• Participants of the Study

  • This section describes the respondents of the study. The description may include the demographic profile of the respondents such as age, educational background, occupation, and other information that may be relevant in understanding the behavior of the respondents.
• Data Collection Procedure

  • This section describes the specific steps you will undergo in order to collect the data for your study.
  • It is mainly divided into two steps: the research instrument and the sampling method.
  • Data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involves:
  • Direct interaction with individuals on a one-to-one basis.
  • Direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.
• Reminders

  • A qualitative research data collection methods are time-consuming. Therefore data is usually collected from a smaller sample than would be the case for quantitative approaches, therefore, this makes qualitative research more expensive.
  • The benefits of qualitative research are the information is richer, it has a deeper insight into the phenomenon under the study.
• What are the steps when developing and utilizing research instrument.

  1. Be clear with your research questions and the purpose of doing the investigations.
  2. Plan how you will conduct the investigation and data collection.
  3. Use research instruments that are appropriate for the type of research you are conducting.
  4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data.
  5. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data.
  6. Report your findings based on the data you collected.
• Review of Related Literature and Studies

  • A literature review is a process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers have written on a certain topic.
  • It can be a partial component of a research undertaking but it can also stand alone as a self-contained review of writings on a subject.
• Characteristics of a Good Literature Review

  1. Surveyed materials must be based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable.
  2. Materials reviews must be objective and unbiased.
  3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
  4. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible.
  5. Revied materials must not be few or too many.
• Hierarchy of Sources

  A) Specialized

  B) General

  
• Examples of Sources

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
• Primary sources


  Dissertations, scholarly journal articles (research-based), some government reports, symposia and conference proceedings, original artwork, poems, photographs, speeches, letters memos, personal narratives, diaries, interviews, autobiographies, and correspondence
• Secondary sources


  Textbooks, edited works, books, and articles that interpret or review of research works, histories, biographies, literary criticism and interpretation, reviews of law and legislation, political analyses and commentaries
• Tertiary sources


  Dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary), almanacs, fact book, Wikipedia, bibliographies (may also be secondary), directories, guidebooks, manuals, handbooks, and textbooks (may be secondary), indexing and abstracting sources
• Remember!

  • Selecting sources for research is one thing and giving credit to those resources are another. With regards to this, it is the researchers' responsibility to make sure that other literature are properly cited in the present study.
• Two Forms of Citation

  1. In-text Citation
  2. Reference Citation
• In-text Citation - requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a certain part of his/her essay.

  1. Author-Oriented Citation - starts with the surname of the author, followed by the year of publication in parenthesis.
  2. Text-Oriented Citation - starts with the paragraph or sentence from a source and followed by the surname of the author and the year of publication. Citations must be enclosed in a parenthesis.
• Reference Citation - refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all references used by the writer. This appears in the reference list found at the last part of the paper.
• What is Sampling?

  The process of obtaining the participants of a study from a larger pool of potentials participants termed as the population (Pumones, 2016).

  Two kinds of Sampling Techniques

  1. Probability Sampling
  2. Non-Probability Sampling
• Probability Sampling

  • Also known as Random Sampling, is a technique where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant.
  • Types of Probability Sampling
  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Stratifies Random Sampling
  • Systematic Random Sampling
  • Cluster or Area Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling

  • Members of the population have an equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample.
• Stratifies Random Sampling

  • The population is divided into homogeneous subgroups, then a simple random sampling is conducted in each subgroup.
• Systematic Random Sampling

  • It us used in a large population.
• Cluster/Area Sampling

  • Used when a population is dispersed across a wide geographic region.
• Non-Probability Sampling

  • Also known as Non-Random Sampling, is a technique where the researcher purposely choose participants according to identified variables.
  • Types of Non-Probability Sampling
  • Accidental/Convenience Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Expert Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
  • Quota Sampling