General Biology Semi-Final

• Endotherms


  Warm blooded
• Endotherms


  Warm blooded
• Ectotherms


  Cold blooded
• Hypothalamus


  • 40°C Too high
  • 37°C Regular
  • 35°C Too low
• Genotype


  Form of the gene
• Genotype


  • WW
  • gg
• Phenotype


  Physical appearance
• Phenotype


  • WHITE
  • GREEN
• Inheriting the future. Predicting Genotypes and phenotypes.
• Genotype


  Form of the gene that is responsible for the observed trait
• Phenotype


  Observable expressions of the trait
• Genotypes


  • BB-Homozygous dominant
  • Bb- Heterozygous dominant
  • bb-Homozygous recessive
• Genotypes


  • BB-blue
  • BB- blue /green
• Law of segregation


  States that each individual has two alleles for each trait and these alleles separate during gamete formation
• If one parent has the alleles Aa and the other parent has the alleles aa the possible genotypes for their offspring are AA, Aa, and aa.
• Possible genotypes


  • BB - 25%
  • Bb - 50%
  • bb - 25%

  
• In figure 2-4 (in your book) dominant homozygous PP (Purple) and homozygous recessive pp (white) will produce.
• Genotypes


  • GG - homozygous dominant
  • Gg - heterozygous dominant
  • gg - homozygous recessive
• Pedigree analysis


  Developed to understand the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring
• Pedigree analysis was developed as a chart that can represent a family tree along with the family members and their genetic traits, respectively.

  
• Sex linkage


  Genetic characteristics or traits that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes, particularly the X and Y chromosomes
• 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs
• Chromosomes 1-22 are not sex chromosomes, they are called autosomes
• Types of sex linkage

  • X-linked (mother, color blindness, hemophilia, etc)
  • Y-linked (girl)
• 25% with hemophilia, 75% without hemophilia
• Recombinant DNA technology


  The process of combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic sequence
• Medical applications


  • Vaccines - introducing a small piece of a pathogen's DNA into a harmless virus or bacterium
  • Gene therapy - replacing or repairing defective genes to treat genetic disorders
• Agricultural applications


  • Creation of genetically modified crops
  • Production of transgenic animals
• Genetically modified crops


  • Engineered to resist pests, tolerate herbicides, and produce higher yields
• Transgenic animals


  • Genetically engineered to produce specific proteins in their milk or eggs, which can then be used for medical purposes
• Industrial applications


  • Production of enzymes used in laundry detergents
  • Production of biofuels such as ethanol from renewable sources
  • Production of bioplastics made from renewable resources and are biodegradable
• Ethical considerations of recombinant DNA

  • Concern for potential unintended consequences
  • Possibility of creating new diseases
  • Organisms could harm human health and the environment
  • Could lead to increased corporate control over the food supply
• Sex-linked traits


  Genetic characteristics or traits determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes
• Genes


  Distinct portion of the DNA responsible for an inherited trait
• Nucleic acids


  Organic compounds that function as storage of genetic information
• Types of nucleic acids

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Nucleotide


  Made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• Central Dogma of molecular genetics

  1. DNA replication

  2. Transcription

  3. Translation
• DNA replication


  The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA prior to cell division
• Transcription


  The process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA