prac exam

• Surfactant


  To reduce surface tension and prevent lung collapse
• Surfactant


  To enhance air turbulence
• Surfactant


  To strengthen alveolar walls
• Surfactant


  To trap bacteria
• According to Boyle's Law, when the volume of a gas increases

  The pressure of the gas decreases
• Peripheral chemoreceptors


  To detect changes in blood oxygen levels
• Chronic sinusitis


  Pressure and pain around the forehead and eyes
• Sinuses most likely inflamed in chronic sinusitis

  The frontal sinuses
• Components of the respiratory system

  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Alveoli
• Upper respiratory tract


  Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
• Lower respiratory tract


  Includes the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli
• Larynx


  The only external component of the respiratory system
• Small intestine


  Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
• Organ that produces bile

  The liver
• Role of parietal cells in the stomach

  To produce hydrochloric acid
• Primary role of the mesentery

  To support and secure the small intestine
• Condition affecting the bile duct


  Impairs the digestion of fats
• Statements about the digestive system

  • The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
  • The ileum connects to the cecum of the large intestine
  • The stomach has an additional oblique muscle layer to aid in food churning
• Structures found in the renal cortex

  The glomerulus, glomerular capsule, and convoluted tubules
• Blood flow pathway within the kidney

  Renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> peritubular capillaries/vasa recta -> venules -> renal vein
• Where majority of water reabsorption occurs in the nephron

  In the proximal convoluted tubule
• Anatomical landmark surgeon should be cautious around

  The renal hilum
• Statements about the structure of the kidney

  • The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney
  • The renal pyramids are located in the renal medulla
  • The renal pelvis collects urine before it drains into the bladder
• Role of the ductus deferens

  To transport sperm from the epididymis to the pelvic cavity
• Gland that contributes the largest volume to semen

  The seminal glands
• Hormone that stimulates testosterone production in the testes

  Luteinising hormone
• Primary role of the fimbriae

  To sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube
• What triggers the onset of the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle

  Increasing progesterone levels
• Stage in life when oogenesis begins in females

  Before birth
• Purpose of the acidic pH level in the vagina


  To protect against bacterial infections
• Location of the ovaries


  On the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
• Duct directly responsible for transporting sperm from the testes to the pelvic cavity

  The ductus deferens (vas deferens)
• Statements about the female reproductive system

  • Ovaries generate ova and release estrogen and progesterone
  • The female reproductive system is closed-ended at the ovarian end
  • The female urethra has no role in reproduction
• Skin has three layers: epidermis (outermost layer), dermis (middle layer), subcutaneous tissue (innermost layer).
• Stratum spinosum - middle layer, contains keratinocytes that produce keratin protein.
• Epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium.
• The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering approximately 2 square meters.
• Melanin production by melanocytes provides protection against UV radiation.
• The skin also regulates temperature through sweating and insulation by trapping air between its outer surface and deeper layers.
• Dense connective tissue in the dermis includes collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.