3rd lesson

• Prokaryotes


  Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles, with a single primary chromosome and various plasmids
• Eukaryotes


  Cells that have a true nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles
• Nucleoid


  Region where genetic material is stored in prokaryotes
• Types of archaebacteria


  • Methanogens
  • Halophiles
  • Thermophiles
• Eubacteria


  True bacteria
• Selectively permeable


  Composed of phospholipid bilayer
• Prokaryotic


  Cell that lacks nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles
• Eukaryotic


  Cell containing nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles
• The two empire system: Cells < Prokaryotic < Eukaryotic
• Genus and Species - specific name/ scientific name
• LINNAEUS: named the humans "homosapiens"
• Prokaryotes


  Cells that lack nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles
• Prokaryotic cell


  • One primary chromosome and various plasmids (Small rings of DNA)
  • Unicellular (Kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)
  • Extremely microscopic 1-10μm (micrometers) in diameter
• Eubacteria


  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus
  • Spirillum volutans
• Eubacteria


  • Cause many diseases but important in the environment for recycling nutrients and digestions
  • More complex than archaebacteria
  • Found everywhere on earth
  • Classified according to their shapes
• Archaebacteria


  Ancient bacteria
• Archaebacteria


  • No pathogenic archaebacteria
  • Simple organization
  • Found in extreme environments
  • Cell wall: pseudo peptidoglycans
• Three types of Archaebacteria

  • Methanogens (Methanococcus Maripaludis)
  • Halophiles (Halobacterium Salinarum)
  • Thermophiles (Thermus Aquaticus)
• Eukaryotic


  Containing nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Multicellular and unicellular (Kingdom Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista)
  • More complex and larger in size 10-100μm in diameters
  • Linear DNA
• Coccus


  One spherical shaped
• Cocci


  Two or more spherical shaped
• Bacillus


  One rod-shaped
• Bacilli


  Two or more rod-shaped
• Vibrio


  Comma shaped
• Staphylo


  Group in irregular cluster
• Strepto


  Chain-like pattern
• Sarcina


  8 spherical shape/ cell
• Gram Stain


  Colored purple
• Gram Positive


  Stays purple
• Gram Positive


  • Several layers of peptidoglycans in their rigid and thick cell wall
  • Cell wall contains lipoteichoic acid
• Gram Negative


  Turns pink or red
• Gram Negative


  • Cell wall consists of only one layer of peptidoglycan
  • No lipoteichoic acid
  • Gram stain cannot bind to their cell wall
• Gram Negative


  • Outer membrane: Lipopolysaccharide and lipoproteins
  • Outer structure protects the bacteria from bile salts, digestive enzymes, detergents, and some antibiotics
• Two categories of infections caused by Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria

  • Gram Positive Infections - methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), strep infections, and toxic shock
  • Gram Negative Infections - salmonella, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea
• Fungi


  Mostly are multicellular
• Fungi


  • Cell wall: Chitin
  • Heterotrophs
• Fungi


  • Penicillium notatum
  • Rhizopus stolonifer
  • Tinea capitis
• Asexual Reproduction


  Producing spores
• Sulfur Soap = to cure fungal infection (7 days only)