Biology

• levels of biological organization

  cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
• cell


  basic unit of life and is made up of organelles
• tissue


  a group of cells performing similar function
• organ system


  group of organs performing similar function
• organism


  living thing
• population


  group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
• community


  population that live together in a defined area
• consists of all different species within a certain area

  community
• ecosystem


  composed of a community and its nonliving environment
• biome


  a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life
• biosphere


  part of the earth that contains all ecosystem
• basic structures of cell

  cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
• cell membrane


  also known as plasma membrane
• cell membrane


  encapsulates the content of the cell
• cell membrane


  controls what materials can go in and out of the cell
• cell membrane


  made up of phospholipid bilayer
• nucleus


  houses DNA that carries genetic instruction
• nucleus


  houses various proteins and nucleolus
• nucleus


  "brain of the cell"
• cytoplasm


  a jelly-like fluid where the organelles are located
• Mitochondrion


  A organelle responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  A network of tubules and flattened sacs involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)


  Has ribosomes attached to it, where proteins are synthesized.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

  Lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
• Ribosomes


  Small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
• Lysosome


  Contains digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.
• Golgi Apparatus


  A complex of flattened sacs and vesicles involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging.
• Peroxisome


  Small organelles involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids.
• Centriole


  Small, cylindrical organelles involved in the formation of cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.
• Plastid


  Organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis.
• Penicillin


  First antibiotic
• Alexander Fleming


  discovered penicillin in 1928 by observing that a mold was dissolving the staphylococcus aureus bacteria without the aid of disinfectant
• cloning


  a series of process that artificially creates a genetic twin of an organism
• types of cloning

  dna cloning, reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning
• dna cloning


  generate copies of dna of interest
• Restriction Endonucleases


  Enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites.
• Plasmid


  A small, circular DNA molecule that can be used to clone genes.
• Cloning Vector


  A molecule, often a plasmid, used to carry and replicate recombinant DNA.
• reproductive cloning


  generate an animal that has the same nuclear dna as another currently or previously existing animal
• therapeutic cloning


  embryo cloning, production of human embryos for use in medical research