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• Science


  An organized body of knowledge gathered over a long period of time to explain the world we live in
• Science


  Knowledge or a system covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
• Scientific Method


  1. Identifying the problem (Questioning)

  2. Gathering Preliminary data

  3. Formulating a hypothesis

  4. Testing of the hypothesis

  5. Analysis and Interpretation of data

  6. Drawing of Conclusion
• Independent Variable


  Variable changed by the experimenter
• Dependent Variable


  Variable that responds to the variable that is changed in the experiment
• Experimental group


  Groups that receive treatment
• Control group


  Opposite of Experimental
• Hypothesis


  What we think the answer to the question is and it should stated in terms of the variables defined
• Scientific law


  A description of a natural occurrence that has been observed many times
• Scientific theory


  A reasonable explanation of a scientific law. It is derived from a hypothesis that has been supported by repeated testing
• Model


  Helps visualize occurrences and objects that cannot be observed directly
• Scientific laws and theories cannot be proven absolutely. They are maintained as all observations support them
• In science, the metric system is used in all measurements for its convenience and simplicity
• The International System of Units (SI) uses the seven base quantities and units

  • Mass (Kilogram, kg)
  • Length (Meter, m)
  • Time (Second, s)
  • Amount of Substance (Mole, mol)
  • Temperature (Kelvin, K)
  • Electric current (Ampere, A)
  • Luminous intensity (Candela, cd)
• Significant digits


  No. of certain digits + one certain digit (0 or 5)
• Lithosphere is the solid part and the largest portion of the earth
• Hydrosphere is the liquid part and it covers about 71% of the earth's surface
• Atmosphere is the gaseous portion that envelops the earth
• Biosphere is the region where living things are found
• Types of rocks


  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
• Igneous rocks


  Formed from hardened magma and lava
• Igneous rocks


  • Rhyolite
  • Granite
  • Basalt
• Sedimentary rocks


  Form from deposited fragments or particles of other rocks that have been weathered and eroded
• Sedimentary rocks


  • Limestone
  • Conglomerate
  • Dolomite
  • Shale
• Metamorphic rocks


  Rocks that have undergone changes due to heat and pressure
• Rocks are made up of minerals which are either elements or compounds
• Weathering


  All processes which combine to cause the disintegration and chemical alteration of rocks at or near earth surface
• Erosion


  Includes all the process of loosening, removal, and transportation which tend to wear away the earth's surface
• Lithification


  The conversion of unconsolidated sediment into solid rock
• Meteorology


  The study of the earth's atmosphere, weather and climate
• Weather


  The daily condition of the earth's atmosphere
• Climate


  General conditions of temperature and precipitation in a large area over a long period of time
• Gases found in the atmosphere

  • Nitrogen (about 78%)
  • Oxygen (21%)
  • Other gases (water vapor, CO2, O3)
• Layers in the atmosphere

  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Ionosphere
  • Exosphere
• Troposphere


  Layer where life exists and where different weather conditions prevail
• Stratosphere


  Contains ozone that serves as a protective shield against UV rays and where jetstream is found
• Mesosphere


  Layer where meteoroids that enter the earth's atmosphere are burned
• Ionosphere


  Contains ions that are used for radio communications
• Exosphere


  Orbit space for artificial satellites
• Winds


  Movement of air caused by the uneven temperature and pressure in the atmosphere