Digestive & Respiratory

• Macromolecules


  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates


  • Provide materials to build cell membranes
  • Provide quick energy for use by cells
• Lipids


  • Store energy reserves for later use by cells
  • Store 2x as much energy as carbs or protein
  • Cushion and insulate internal organs
  • Provide materials to build cell membranes
• Lipids


  • Fats
  • Oils
  • Waxes
• Proteins


  • Provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues and muscles
  • Made up of amino acids
  • Aid in muscle movements, such as contraction
  • Act as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the cells
  • Transport ions in cell membranes
• Proteins


  • Insulin
  • Haemoglobin
  • Collagen
  • Antibodies
  • Enzymes
• Nucleic Acids


  • Contain the organism's genetic information
  • Direct the organism's growth
• Nucleic Acids


  • DNA
  • RNA
• Carbohydrates

  • Simple sugars (monosaccharides = 1 sugars)
  • Disaccharides = 2 sugars
  • Names that end in "ose"
• Carbohydrates

  Hundreds of sugar molecules
• Lipids


  Store twice as much of energy as carbs or proteins
• Proteins


  Made up of amino acids
• Nucleic acids


  • DNA is genetic information
  • RNA is the code from the genetic code to build proteins
• Enzymes


  • Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reaction which aids in the digestive process
  • Help to break down food
  • Names usually end in "ase"
  • E.g. maltase breaks down maltose
• Vitamins + minerals


  • Needed but can usually be consumed through a healthy balanced diet
• Water


  • Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
  • Flushing toxins from cells
  • Lubricating tissues and joints
  • Forming essential body fluids (blood and mucus)
  • Regulating body temperature (by sweating)
  • Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)
• Simple multi celled organisms

  • Don't have a circulatory system
  • Water pulled into organisms brings oxygen and nutrients
  • Water and waste expelled through an opening
• Different types of eaters

  • Filter feeders = sea sponges
  • Substrate feeders = caterpillars
  • Fluid feeders = butterflies, bees, hummingbirds
  • Bulk feeders = humans
• Complex multicellular animals


  • Have a circulatory system
  • Have 3 layers of cells
  • Cells in mesoderm need a circulatory system to deliver needed substances