AD

• Types of MCI


  • Amnestic
  • Nonamnestic
• Amnestic MCI


  Affects memory
• Nonamnestic MCI


  Affects thinking skills
• Types of Alzheimer's Disease

  • Familial
  • Late-Onset
  • Early Onset
• Familial Alzheimer's Disease


  • 1% of cases
  • Autosomal dominant
• Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease


  • 94% of cases
  • After 60 years old
  • APOE 4 gene on chromosome 19
• Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease


  • 5% of cases
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Starts in late 30s
  • Defects on chromosomes 21, 14, and 1
  • Changes in formation of APP
• 50% of siblings with a parent with AD will develop AD
• Alzheimer's may be a disease of too much beta-amyloid being produced
• Stages of Alzheimer's Disease


  • No cognitive decline
  • Very mild cognitive decline
  • Mild cognitive decline
  • Moderate
  • Moderately severe
  • Severe
  • Very severe
• Very mild cognitive decline


  Forgets names, locations of objects
• Types of Frontotemporal Dementia

  • Behavioral
  • Non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia
  • Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia
• Behavioral Frontotemporal Dementia


  • Impulsive, lack of social boundaries, reduced interest in work or hobbies
• Non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia

  • Decrease in linguistic skills
• Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia

  • Anomia for people places and objects, left temporal lobe involvement
  • Difficulty writing
• Death due to aspiration pneumonia in Frontotemporal Dementia
• Metabolic Encephalopathy


  • Impaired short term memory
  • Remediate the aberrant metabolites
• Causes of Metabolic Encephalopathy

  • Alcohol cirrhosis
  • Hepatitis
  • Fatty liver disease
• Multi-infarct Dementia


  Small lacunar ischemic strokes
• Causes of Multi-infarct Dementia

  • A-fib
  • Hypertension
• Multi-infarct Dementia


  • Issues with memory, abstract thinking, impulse control, bradykinesia
• Multi-infarct Dementia is associated with any diagnosis that places the person at risk for stroke
• Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome

  • Rapid onset of symptoms including headache, seizures, altered consciousness, and visual disturbances
  • Usually have chronic kidney disease
• Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome


  • Wernicke encephalopathy and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome
  • Due to disorder of thiamine deficiency
  • Secondary to alcohol abuse
  • Causes vision changes, ataxia, and impaired memory
  • Anterograde amnesia