heat and temp

• what temp does water boil at

  100°C
• what temp does water freeze at

  0°C
• what happens at absolute zero and at what degree (°C)

  all particles stop moving: -273
• what scales are used in science for temp

  kelvin and celsius
• what scale is fahrenheit

  human body temperature
• how to get from kelvin to celsius


  k-273= c
• how to get from celsius to kelvin


  c+273=k
• celsius to fahrenheit


  f= 2c + 30
• thermocouple


  2 twisted metal strips that create electricity when exposed to heat. good for very hot temps but dont measure low temps accurately
• bimetallic strip


  2 types of metal that bends or coil together when exposed to heat where one metal expands when heated. used to control furnaces, fridges, etc
• what was the first scale developed

  fahrenheit
• what is the kelvin scale based off of

  absolute zero
• when a material is heated the particles will

  • gain energy
  • move faster
  • collide more often
• with more movement and collisions the spaces between particles will increase and the material will


  expand or get bigger
• when a material is cooled the particles will

  • lose energy
  • move slower
  • collide less often
• this motion will allow the particles to move closer to each other. the spaces between them shrink and the material will

  contract or get smaller
• what is one of the few materials that are an exception to the rules of expansion and contraction

  water
• main points of the particle model of matter

  • all matter is made of particles
  • all particles have spaces between them
  • particles of matter are always moving or vibrating
• 4 states of matter

  1. soild
  2. lquid
  3. gas
  4. PLASMA
• changes of state

  for matter to change state, we must increase or decrease the ENERGY of the particles.
• melting or fusion


  changes soild to lquid INCREASE in energy
• evaporation or vaporization


  lquid to gas INCREASE in energy
• condensation


  gas to lquid DECREASE in energy
• freezing or soildification


  lquid to soild DECREASE in energy
• sublimation


  soild to gas INCREASE in energy
• deposition


  gas to soild DECREASE in energy
• thermal energy


  measure of the total energy of all particles found in a substance
• temperature


  measure of the average energy of all particles found in a substance
• specific heat capacity


  the quantity of heat energy required to raise the temp of a substance per unit of mass
• what creates a convection current

  caused by a different in temperature where less dense warm material rises while more dense cool material sinks
• sources of thermal energy

  • chemical
  • electrical
  • mechanical
  • nuclear
  • geothermal
  • solar
  • wind
  • fossil fuels
• how to calculate thermal energy

  add all the values of all the particles together
• how to calculate temperature

  add all the values of all the particles together then divide by the number of particles