NEURO SYSTEM (BASICS)

• Neuron


  The basic unit of the nervous system
• Neurotransmitters


  Chemicals transported within neurons or between neurons and specific tissues/organs that may excite, inhibit, or modulate specific actions
• Divisions of the Neurologic System

  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
• Parts of the Brain

  • Cerebrum
  • Brain Stem
  • Cerebellum
• Cerebrum


  • Lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
  • Corpus Callosum
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
• Brain Stem


  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Reticular formation
• Protective Structures of the Brain

  • Skull
  • Meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
• Cerebrospinal Fluid


  Clear, colorless fluid that nourishes, transports wastes, and cushions the brain; produced at choroid plexus at 500ml/day
• Cerebral Circulation


  • Arterial and venous systems are not parallel
  • Brain has collateral circulation through the Circle of Willis
  • Blood vessels have two layers only
• Parts of the Spinal Cord

  • Anterior/Motor Root- voluntary and reflex activity of innervated muscles
  • Posterior/Sensory Root
  • Lateral horn-autonomic fibers
• Cranial Nerves


  • I Olfactory
  • II Optic
  • III Oculomotor
  • IV Trochlear
  • V Trigeminal
  • VI Abducens
  • VII Facial
  • VIII Vestibulocochlear/Auditory
  • IX Glossopharyngeal
  • X Vagus
  • XI Spinal Accessory
  • XII Hypoglossal
• Spinal Nerves


  • 8 pairs cervical
  • 12 pairs thoracic
  • 5 pairs lumbar
  • 5 pairs sacral
  • 1 pair coccygeal
• Types of Spinal Nerves

  • Dorsal (Afferent, Sensory)
  • Ventral (Efferent, Motor)
• Autonomic Nervous System


  • Internal organ activity regulation/homeostasis and maintenance
  • Sympathetic (excitatory/fight or flight) vs. Parasympathetic (inhibitory/rest and digest)
• controls all function and behavior in the human body- neurologic system
• Dendrites- branch like recipients of electrochemical impulses.
• Axons- long projections carrying electrochemical impulses away from the body of the neuron.
• Synaptic bulb- long projections carrying electrochemical impulses away from the body of the neuron.
• Neurolemma- long projections carrying electrochemical impulses away from the body of the neuron.
• Node of Ranvier-spaces between the neurolemma
• Neuroglial cell- supports, protect, and nourish neurons
• parts of a neuron

  • dendrites
  • axons
  • cell body/ some
  • nucleus
  • synaptic bulb
  • neurolemma
  • node of Ranvier
  • neurological cell
• Acetylcholine - parasympathetic system (E/I)
• Serotonin- Mood, sleep, pain pathways (I)
• Dopamine (I) - Behavior, fine motor movement
• Norepinephrine- mood, overall activity (E)
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- calming effect/inhibitor of other neurotransmitter (I)
• Enkephalin, Endorphin (E)- Pleasurable sensation, pain transmission
• PARTS OF A NEURON

  A) dendrites

  B) cell body/ soma

  C) nucleolos

  D) nucleus

  E) neurolemma

  F) node of Ranvier

  G) axon

  
• lobes of the cerebrum

  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
• Frontal - Concentration, abstract thought, memory, motor function, speech, affect, judgement, personality, inhibitors
• parietal- Sensory analysis and interpretation, spatial awareness, size and shape discrimination
• temporal- Auditory reception and memory, language and music comprehension
• occipital - Visual interpretation and memory
• corpus Callosum- connects both hemispheres of the brain for information transmission
• basal ganglia- fine motor movement
• thalamus- relay station of all sensation except smell
• hypothalamus- regulates the pituitary secretion of hormones
• Brain stem

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
  • reticular formation
  • cerebellum
• midbrain- Connects the pons and cerebellum, with the medulla oblongata; center of auditory and visual reflexes.