Chemistry

• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Matter


  Anything that occupies space and has mass
• Properties of matter


  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
• Physical property


  A property that can be measured without changing the chemical composition of that matter
• Types of physical properties

  • Extensive properties
  • Intensive properties
• Extensive properties


  Properties that depend on the amount of matter being measured
• Extensive physical properties


  • Mass
  • Volume
  • Number of moles
• Intensive properties


  Properties that are independent of the amount of matter being considered
• Chemical property


  The characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances
• Chemical properties


  • Flammability
  • Susceptibility to corrosion
• Types of matter


  • Pure substance
  • Mixture
• Pure substance


  A form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties
• Types of pure substances

  • Elements
  • Compounds
• Element


  A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances using any chemical means
• There are 118 known elements to date, with the introduction of Oganesson completing the modern periodic table
• Compound


  A substance formed when two or more types of elements are used in fixed proportion with one another
• Oganesson is the heaviest element in the periodic table and the second element named after a living person
• Mixture


  A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities
• Types of mixtures


  • Homogeneous mixtures
  • Heterogeneous mixtures
• Homogeneous mixture


  A mixture where the composition is the same all throughout
• Solution


  A homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent and one or more solutes
• Aqueous solution


  A solution where water is the solvent
• Heterogeneous mixture


  A mixture where the components can be differentiated
• Types of heterogeneous mixtures

  • Suspensions
  • Colloids
• Suspension


  A heterogeneous mixture where the particles are large enough to eventually settle
• Colloid


  A heterogeneous mixture where the particles are small enough (1-1000 nm) to remain dispersed
• Dispersed phase


  The component(s) of a colloid that is/are being dispersed
• Continuous phase


  The component where the dispersed phase is being dispersed (the dispersion medium)
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
• Solid


  A state of matter with a definite shape and volume, where the molecules/atoms are fixed in position
• Liquid


  A state of matter with no definite shape but a definite volume, where the molecules/atoms can move freely
• Gas


  A state of matter with no definite shape or volume, where the molecules/atoms can move freely
• Plasma


  A state of matter similar to gas, but composed of charged molecules/atoms
• Plasma can only be observed on the surface of very hot objects, such as stars, as extremely harsh conditions are required for it to occur