paras

• Ascaris lumbricoides eggs develop into larvae


  Approximately 14 days
• Common name for Ascaris lumbricoides

  Giant roundworm
• Nematode with "polymyarian type" of somatic muscle arrangement

  • Ascaris lumbricoides
• Diagnostic techniques for detecting hookworm infection

  • Kato-Katz technique
  • Graham's scotch adhesive tape swab
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
• Nematode characterized by presence of cutting plates in buccal capsule

  • Necator americanus
• Ascaris lumbricoides can cause bowel obstruction and acute appendicitis
• Trichuris trichiura eggs are lemon-shaped with plug-like translucent polar prominences
• Enterobius vermicularis is controlled effectively through the sanitary disposal of human feces
• Strongyloides stercoralis is naturally pathogenic to humans and characterized by free-living rhabditiform and parasitic filariform stages
• Hookworm infection is prevalent in Europe and Southwestern Asia
• Enterobius vermicularis


  Causes enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, has cuticular alar expansions at the anterior end, and females have long pointed tails
• Trichuris trichiura


  Known as the whipworm, has a holomyarian classification, and its eggs have a yellowish outer and transparent inner shell
• Hookworm infection


  Causes pathology in three main areas: the skin at the site of entry, the lung during larval migration, and the small intestine where the adult worms reside
• Graham's scotch adhesive tape swab


  A microscopic examination technique involving the use of adhesive tape to detect eggs in the perianal region, often used for diagnosing Enterobius vermicularis
• Infective stage of hookworms to humans

  Penetration through the exposed skin
• Recommended single dose treatment for Trichuris trichiura infection

  Mebendazole 400 mg
• Phase of Strongyloides stercoralis infection characterized by watery and bloody stools

  Penetration of the intestinal mucosa by adult female worms
• Ascaris lumbricoides eggs can develop into larvae in about 14 days
• The infection of Enterobius vermicularis is relatively innocuous and rarely produces any serious lesions
• The recommended treatment for strongyloidiasis is Albendazole 400 mg for three consecutive days
• Hookworms


  • Characterized by a terminal mouth with three lips and sensory papillae
• Hookworm infection

  • Causes petechial hemorrhages, rectal prolapse in severe cases, and anemia
  • Diagnosed through direct fecal smear or Kato-Katz technique
  • Prevented by sanitary disposal of human feces and thorough washing of uncooked vegetables
  • Treatment involves Mebendazole (500 mg, single dose) or Albendazole (400 mg, single dose)
• Strongyloides stercoralis infection

  • Involves a rhabditiform larva, which is non-feeding and slender
  • The infection can result in three phases: skin invasion, larval migration, and intestinal mucosa penetration
  • Diagnosis may require repeated concentration techniques, such as Harada-Mori culture and Baermann funnel
• Enterobius vermicularis


  • Causes infection known as enterobiasis or oxyuriasis
  • Female is 8-13 mm in length with a long pointed tail; male is 2-5 mm with a curved tail
  • Eggs are asymmetrical, one side flattened and the other convex
• Ascaris lumbricoides infects approximately 1 billion people globally, causing around 20,000 deaths annually, mostly in young children
• Factors for transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides include high population density, use of night soil as fertilizer, illiteracy, and poor sanitation
• Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

  1. Outline the stages of the life cycle

  2. Explain how each stage contributes to disease development

  3. Discuss the public health impact of ascariasis in endemic regions
• Trichuris trichiura infection

  1. Describe the symptoms and complications associated with Trichuris trichiura

  2. Discuss diagnostic techniques used to identify the infection

  3. Explain the treatment options and their efficacy
• Strongyloides stercoralis infection

  1. Discuss the unique aspects of the Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle that make it difficult to control

  2. Describe the clinical phases of the infection and their symptoms

  3. Analyze the treatment protocols and the reasons for treatment failures
• Enterobius vermicularis infection in school-aged children

  1. Describe the transmission routes of Enterobius vermicularis

  2. Discuss the epidemiological factors that contribute to its prevalence in children

  3. Suggest preventive measures and public health interventions
• Oriental blood fluke

  Schistosoma japonicum
• Intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum

  Oncomelania hupensis
• Common name for Paragonimus westermani

  Lung fluke
• Fasciolopsis buski


  Giant intestinal fluke
• Schistosomiasis is known as Bilharziasis
• The life cycle of Schistosoma spp. includes an intermediate snail host
• Paragonimus westermani can cause chronic bronchitis
• Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are types of intestinal flukes
• Praziquantel is effective against both schistosomiasis and paragonimiasis
• Schistosoma japonicum

  • Eggs: Large, ovoidal, operculated, yellowish-brown
  • Adult: Broad, flat body with a cephalic cone, highly branched testes, coiled uterus
  • Life cycle includes Lymnaeidae snails as intermediate hosts